DEFINITIONS

|Introduction
|A: Abbacinare to Avionics
|B: Ballad to Buy and Bust 
|C: Cadaver Dogs to Cyberterrorism
|D: Dactylography to Dumpster Diving
|E: Ecclesiastical to Eyewitness
|F: Fabliau to Free Verse
|G: G.P.S. to Gun Control
|H: Habeas Corpus to Hyperbole
|I: ICAM to Islamic Law
|J: Jacobean to Justifiable Homicide
|K: Kidnapping to Kiss
|L: L.K.A. to Lyric
|M: Masque to Myth
|N: Narcoanalysis to Number
|O: Objective to Onomatopoeia
|P: Pantomime to Purple
|Q: Question to Questioned Documents
|R: Rank to Runaway
|S: Sabotage to Synesthesia
|T: Tactical Officer to True Crime
|U: UDSL to Utopia
|V: VIN to Void
|W: Waiver to Wrongful Death
|X: X-ray to xxx
|Y: Yellow Dog Contract to Youth
|Z: Zadig to Zero
|References: Books Useful


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Introduction

Anthony Boucher, when he was the Mystery Critic for the New York Sunday 
Times Book Review, divided Mystery Novels into Five Categories. Several of 
these are further divided into subcategories:

The Puzzle Mystery
The Hard-boiled Mystery
The Straight Mystery
The Novel of Pursuit
     a) the Spy Mystery
     b) the Man-on-the-run Mystery
     c) the Metaphysical Mystery
     d) the Doomsday Mystery
The Whodunnit
     a) the Sociopolitical Mystery
     b) the Private Eye Mystery
     c) the Psychological Mystery
     d) the Mechanistic Mystery
     e) the Vigilante Mystery
     f) the Caper Mystery
     g) the Camp Mystery
     h) the Period Mystery

Each of these is defined, with examples, in the Dictionary, below.

Other classifications of Mystery Fiction:

Amateur
Cozies
Crime Novel
Golden Age
Hard Boiled
Noir
Police Procedural
Private Detective
Soft-boiled
Suspense
Thriller


Each of these is defined, with examples, in the Dictionary, below.

A
Definitions: A

AAMVANET: abbreviation for  American Association of Motor Vehicle 
Administrators Network; which links USA and Canadian state/province 
agencies on highway safety/usgae issues.

AFIS: Acronym for Automated Fingerprint Identification System

AIDS: Acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Sydrome, see 
also Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A.K.A.: abbreviation for Also Known As

ALS: Acronym for Alternative Light Systems

A.S.A.: Abbreviation for "assistant state's attorney." 
An assistant state's attorney, acting on behalf of the 
state's attorney, represents the state in criminal 
proceedings. In Cook County, an assistant state's 
attorney must review all felony charges before they 
are approved.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

ASCLD: Acronym for American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors

Abbacinare: A barbaric form of corporal punishment meted out in the Middle 
Ages where persons would be permanently blinded by the pressing of hot irons 
to the open eyes.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Abduction: To take someone away from a place without that person's consent 
or by fraud. 
See also: kidnapping

Abet: The act of encouraging or inciting another to do a certain thing, 
such as a crime. For example, many countries will equally punish a person 
who aids or abets another to commit a crime.

Abstract: {to be done}
see: Concrete and Abstract

Accelerant: compound or falmmable fluid which speeds the 
start and spread of a fire.  Synonym: Booster.
See: Arson; Burn Indicators

Accelerant Detection Canines: Dogs which are able to detect accelerants 
(associated with arson) by scent.
See: Explosives Detection Canines; Cadaver Dogs

Accountability: The doctrine by which one is liable for the criminal conduct 
of another. Example: A agrees to help B rob a store, but only on condition 
that there be no violence. B assures A that no one will be hurt in the robbery. 
B nevertheless kills a clerk in the commission of the robbery. Both A and B 
may be criminally liable for the murder.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Acquittal: A final judgment by a judge or jury that the prosecution has not 
proven a criminal defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. This is not 
a guilty verdict.

Act: (1) a major division in the action of a play, as introduced in England by 
dramatists of the Elizabethan era, in imitation of Roman playwright 
Seneca.  Acts are often divided into scenes.
     (2) By analogy, if a novel is like a play, then the drama in the 
novel is implicitly or explicitly divided into Acts, while the scenes 
roughly correspond to chapters.
     (3) In the sense of "criminal act", see: crime.
     (4) A statute or law (an Act by the State Legislture).
     (5) An activity, such as a "sex act."  See Prostitution

Act of God: An event which is caused solely by the effect of nature or 
natural causes and without any interference by humans whatsoever. 
Insurance contracts often exclude "acts of God" from the list of insurable 
occurrences as a means to waive their obligations for damage caused by 
hurricanes, floods or earthquakes, all examples of "acts of God".
See: Force Majeure

Action: See Civil Action; Criminal Action;
Law Suit; Litigation

Action Stereotyping: when an officer sees events the way 
he/she expects them to unfold, rather than as the actually do.

Active System: Category of vehicle antitheft devices which 
demands that the driver do something to activate/deactivate each time the 
vehcile is started or parked.
See: Theft Deterrent

Addict: Either Physical Dependence or Psychological 
Dependence on Drugs, or both.
See: Drugs; 
Contrast: Recreational Drug User

ADR: Abbreviation for alternative dispute resolution.

Adjudication: The decision (decree or judgment) by the court concerning 
the defendant(s) involved in the case. 

Administrative Log: Written record of actions performed by Crime Scene 
Coordinator, with assignments, release of the scene, and everything else.

Admissible: to be admissible, evidence must be material (it must go to 
a substantial issue in the case) and relevant (it must go to the truth 
or falsity of a matter asserted). May also require competence.

Admission: A person's acknowledgment of his/her involvement in 
criminal behavior, but not in itself sufficient to establish guilt. 
Example: a suspect acknowledges having been at the crime scene, 
but does not confess to having committed the crime.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Adultery: Voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and another 
person who is not their married spouse. In most countries, this is a legal 
ground for divorce. The person who seduces another's spouse is known as the 
"adulterer." In old English law, this was also known as criminal conversation.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Advance Reading Copy (ARC): The text of a forthcoming book, issued by the 
publisher in a form resembling a trade paperback, for booksellers and reviewers 
so they will be familiar with the story when it is published. Usually subject 
to final editing. Also referred to as proof copy, uncorrected proof, galley, 
or galley proof.
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]

Adversarial System: The state and defense represent their evidence as vigorously 
as possible, competing agsainst each other before a judge or jury.  The 
other main approach is that of the Inquisitorial System, where the judge 
is the one asking the questions, to determine the truth.  The USA uses the 
Adversarial System; France uses the Inquisitorial System.
        
Aestheticism: a literary movement, of the late 19th century, based in 
France, but evolved from the German theory of Kant [1790] that aesthetic 
contemplation is "disinterested" -- indifferent to utility and reality, but 
only concerned with Beauty.  This also grew from "The Poetic Principle" 
[1850] of Edgar Allan Poe, who is the father of the modern detective story.
see also Decadence.

AFIS: Abbreviation of Automated Fingerprint Identification System,
a computer based fingerprint identification system.

Affective Fallacy: (1) The error of evaluating a poem by its effects, 
especially its emotional effects, upon the reader.  Thus, the poem itself 
disappears as an object of criticism, as does the poet.  We are left with 
"impressionism and relativism."  This was defined by W. K. Wimsatt, Jr., 
and Monroe C. Beardsley, in an essay [1946] of the same name.
     (2) By analogy, a bogus claim for critical objectivity sometimes
applied to Mystery Novels and stories.

Affidavit: A statement which before being signed, the person signing takes 
an oath that the contents are, to the best of their knowledge, true. It is 
also signed by a notary or some other judicial officer that can administer 
oaths, to the effect that the person signing the affidavit was under oath 
when doing so. These documents carry great weight in Courts to the extent 
that judges frequently accept an affidavit instead of the testimony of the 
witness.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
An Affidavit by an oficer is a prerequisite to a judge issuing an arrest warrant.

Affirmation: witness acknowledges understanding and accepting the 
obligations of an oath, including the risks of perjury.

Age: see Periods of English Literature

Age of Sensibility: (1) The literary era between Alexander Pope's death [1744] 
and Wordsworth and Colerdge's "Lyrical Ballads" [1798]. Also known as the 
Age of Johnson, due to the power of Dr.Johnson [1709-1784] and his 
neoclassical followers: James Boswell, Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, Olivber 
Goldsmith.  This era marked a positive view of the Middle Ages, cultural 
primitivism, folk literature, "original genius", the bardic, the sublime, 
and the visionary.
     (2) By analogy, a corresponding period in the late 20th century for 
Mystery fiction.
See: Periods of English Literature

Age-progression Photos: "Photographs that are "aged" (in simulation of the 
subject being aged) through the use of computer software.
See:  Age Progression and Photoenhancement

Agent: (1) the Agent finds and negotiates a contract between 
author and publisher.
     (2) Short for FBI Agent, or Secret Agent, or the like.
[Bill Pronzini, "On Agents", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
     (3) A person who has received the power to act on behalf of another, 
binding that other person as if he or she were themselves making 
the decisions. The person who is being represented by the agent is 
referred to as the "principal."
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
(4) Biological Agent or Chemical Agent

Aggravated (offense; e.g. aggravated assault, aggravated battery): 
A condition which makes an offense more serious, and subjects the 
offender to greater punishment. Example: using a deadly weapon, or 
wearing clothing that conceals one's identity, in the commission of 
an assault constitutes aggravated assault.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Aggravated Assault:
see: Aggravated; Assault; Violent Crime
Contrast: Simple Assault

Aggravated Damages: Special and highly exceptional damages awarded 
by a court where the circumstances of the tortious conduct have been 
particularly humiliating or malicious towards the plaintiff/victim.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Agricultural: In Criminalistics, means any chemical used on farms, such as 
fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides.

Agroterrorism: Use of bioweapons aginst food supply or agriculture industries.
See: Terrorism

Airport Bookshops: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
are the sites where 2% of romance readers purchase books.

Alcohol/DUI: Measuring the quantity of alcohol in the blood is one of the 
three methods available to assess alcohol impairment. This is usually 
accomplished by an instrumental chemical analysis of the blood to measure 
the blood alcohol concentration. A practical method for monitoring alcohol 
impairment in driving is breath analysis via breath testing devices. These 
breath analyzers measure the amount of alcohol in breath and translate it 
to blood alcohol levels.
[Office of the Attorney General, State of California, Dept. of Justice]

Alec Jeffreys: This biologist was the first person to use DNA in a 
criminal case in order to identify a suspect.

Algor Mortis: the decrease in a human body's temperature following death.

Alimony: An amount given to one spouse to another while they are separated.

Allan Pinkerton: First detective for Chicago, Illinois [1849]. 
Founder of the Pinkerton Agency [first USA detective agency]. 

Allegory: Narrative where actions, agents, and settings not only make sense 
as themselves, but more importantly point to or signify a correlated 
system of persons, places, and things. This may be for historical, 
political, religious, or other usually didactic purpose.
See also: Fable; exemplum; parable.

Alligatoring: The alligator-skin appearance of charred wood, with its 
characteristically checked texture.
See: Arson

Alliteration: In a sequence of words close to each other in speech or on 
the page, the repetition of a speech sound, usually recurring at the start 
or other key stressed syllable or part of the words. Usually applies only 
to consonents.  Most common in poetry, but also a technique useful in 
speech-making and in establishing character or atmosphere in a Mystery 
fiction.
see also Assonance,Consonance

Allocution: The right a victim has to make a statement (written or spoken) 
at felony sentencing hearings and parole hearings

Alphonse Bertillon: Founder of anthropometrics. 
See: Anthropometry

Alternative Dispute Resolution: Also known as "ADR"; methods by which legal 
conflicts and disputes are resolved privately and other than through 
litigation in the public courts, usually through one of two forms: 
mediation or arbitration. It typically involves a process much less formal 
than the traditional court process and includes the appointment of a 
third-party to preside over a hearing between the parties. The advantages 
of ADR are speed and money: it costs less and is quicker than court 
litigation. ADR forums are also private. The disadvantage is that it often 
involves compromise.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Alternative Light Systems: abbreviated ALS, the portable lasers or handheld ultraviolet lighting 
devices utilized in locating physical evidence at the Crime Scene, particularly trace evidence.
See also: Basic Yellow 40

Amateur Burglers: Impulse- or opportunity-burglers, who 
lack planning, typically use force to enter and ransack premises, and can 
become violent offenders of secondary crimes such as rape or murder if 
caught in the act.

Amateur Detectives: In these stories, nosy and inquisitive civilians with
private occupations not associated with law enforcement, get caught up in
mysteries. The Usually cooperate with authorities, but are viewed as
meddling annoyances by police. 
[formerly on now-abandoned site 
     http://staff.queens.lib.ny.us/central/my_html/Mystery.htm]
* Diane Mott Davidson (Goldy Bear)
* Agatha Christie (Jane Marple)
* Lawrence Block (Bernie Rhodenbarr)
* Simon Brett (Mrs. Pargeter, Charles Paris)
* Jonathan Gash (Owen Lovejoy)
* Ellis Peters (Brother Cadfael).

Ambience: see Atmosphere

American West: see  {hotlink}{to be done}

Ambush: Type of robbery depending on surprise, rather than planning, and which 
uses  force or threat of force against victim, typically for a small score.

Amusement: "...the literature we read for amusement or purely for pleasure 
may have the greatest influence upon us." [T. S. Eliot]

American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors: 
International society for maintaining the highest standards of practice at 
crime laboratories.  It conducts an accreditation program for labs, plus 
education programs for lab personnel.
Abbreviated ASCLD

Amido Black: Blood-sensitive dye used in developing fingerprints 
contaminated with blood.

Amphetamines: Class of stimulants that boost blood pressure, heart arte, 
respiratory rate, metabolic rate; while decreasing appetite, making senses 
hyperalert, and causing stress that lasts a long timne.  Addictive.  
Perhaps larger in dollar value that heroin or coacaine in amount sold 
today in USA.
See: drugs; Crystallized Methamphetamine;
Crystal Meth; Ice; Speed

Anatomically Correct Dolls: Dolls with all anatomical features used to 
assist in interviews with children who may have been sexually molested.

Anglo-Saxon Period: see Periods of English Literature

Angry Young Men: a set of 1950s British playwrights and novelists, 
generally reflecting a jaundiced view of "the Establishment." Includes 
Kinglsey Amis [Lucky Jim, 1950]; John Braine [Room at the Top, 1957]; 
Alan Sillitoe [Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, 1960]; John Osborne 
[Look Back in Anger, 1957].

Anthology: a book consisting of a collection of stories,
typically by different authors.

Anthrax: A biowar agent weaponized from acute infectious disease with three 
forms: (1) cutaneous; (2) intestinal; (3) inhalation. These three differ 
in three ways by means of (1) transmission; (2) symptoms; (3) lethality.

Anthropometry: The combination of anthropology and measurements to identify a
person.
See: Alphonse Bertillon; Bertillon Measurements;
Will West Case

Antithesis: Parallel grammatical structure used to emphasize and 
opposition or contrast in meaning.

A/O: Abbreviation, often used in case reporting, for "arresting officer."
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Appeal: To ask a more senior court or person to review a decision of a 
subordinate court or person. In some countries such as Canada, the USA 
and Australia, appeals can continue all the way up to the Supreme Court, 
where the decision is final in that it can no longer be appealed. That is 
why it is called "supreme" (although, in Australia the supreme court is 
called the High Court).
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
See: Judicial Review

Appearance: The act of showing up in court as either plaintiff, defendant, 
accused or any other party to a civil or criminal suit. It implies that you 
accept the power of the court to try the matter (i.e. "jurisdiction"). 
Appearances are most often made by lawyers on their clients behalf...
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Arbitration: An alternative dispute resolution method by which an independent, 
neutral third person ("arbitrator") is appointed to hear and consider the 
merits of the dispute and renders a final and binding decision called an award. 
The process is similar to the litigation process as it involves adjudication, 
except that the parties choose their arbitrator and the manner in which the 
arbitration will proceed. The decision of the arbitrator is known as an "award." 
Compare with: mediation

Archaism: using in literature, for stylistic effect, words that are obsolete in 
ordinary usage.  

Archaeological Looting: Removal by illegal and unscientific methods of 
historical resources from tribal, public, or private land.
See also Bone Rustlers

Archetype: Elemental pattern of myth, legend, or ritual.  A theory 
developed by anthropologists (especially in J. G. Frazer's The Golden 
Bough] and the Depth Psychology of Carl G. Jung.  Literary critics such as 
Northrop Frye, Joseph Campbell, and others developed this critical theory.  
The Mystery genre is one where the archetypes of hunter and hunted, the 
deranged killer, the person haunted by a guilty conscience, the cop as 
authorty figure, the innocent victim, and the rational or intuitive 
detective are central.

Area: A group of five police districts which share a detective unit, 
a youth investigation unit, and male and female lock-up facilities. 
Chicago is divided into five areas.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Arraignment: In USA criminal law, the formal appearance of an accused 
person to hear, and to receive a copy of, the charge against him 
or her, in the presence of a judge, and to then enter a plea of guilty 
or not guilty. The arraignment is the final preparatory step before the 
criminal trial.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Arrest: To take a person into custody, by authority of law, 
for the purpose of charging him/her with a criminal offense. 
An arrest is proper when an officer observes criminal behavior 
or reasonably believes the individual has engaged in criminal 
behavior; or upon warrant issued by a judge or magistrate.

Arrest Warrant: Judicial order that a specified person be 
arrested and brought before court to answer criminal charge(s).

Arresting Officer: see A/O

Arson: Some countries define "arson" as the intentional setting of a fire 
to a building in which people live; others include as "arson" the 
intentionally setting of a fire to any building. In either case, 
this is a very serious crime and is punishable by a long jail sentence.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
Arson: Unlawfully damaging real or personal property by means of fire 
or explosives. The property must have a value of $150 or more. 
This offense includes damaging one's own property with the intent 
to defraud an insurer.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
See: Incendiary Material; Plants;
Accelerant; Alligatoring; Booster; Point of Origin;
Burn Indicators; Charring; Effective Fire Temperature;
Trailers
See: Property Crime

Arson/Explosives: Arson investigation is the science of determining the cause 
of a fire. It is necessary for experts in this field to be knowledgeable in 
scientific, as well as non-scientific areas. Such scientific areas include 
physics, chemistry, and electronics. An extensive knowledge of the construction 
of buildings would be an example of a non-scientific area. It is also important 
for an arson investigator to be aware of the psychological disorders that are 
related to fire-setting behavior.
     Investigation of explosives is similar since the explosion scene requires 
extensive reconstruction efforts. The investigator must be knowledgeable in the 
areas of manufacture, materials, and detonation of explosive materials. Another 
important aspect is the knowledge of the mental states and psychological 
disorders that lead to random and intentional bombings.
[Office of the Attorney General, State of California, Dept. of Justice]
See also: Chemical Explosions; Explosion

Assault: The touching of another person with an intent to harm, 
without that person's consent.
See: Aggravated Assault; Simple Assault

Assault and Battery: Two distinct offenses which can occur 
independently or together. Assault is placing someone in 
reasonable apprehension of a battery, e.g. by making 
threatening statements or raising a fist. 
Battery is causing bodily harm to a person by any means, 
or making physical contact with a person of an insulting 
or provocative nature. 
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Assignment Sheet: Person assigned at a crime scene must make such written 
report to document the tasks he/she's done and those things found.

Associative Evidence: evidence that (bidirectionally) connects the 
perpetrator to the victim or crime scene.

Assonance: In a sequence of words close to each other in speech or on 
the page, the repetition of a vowel sound, usually recurring at the start 
or other key stressed syllable or part of the words. Most common in poetry, 
but also a technique useful in speech-making and in establishing character 
or atmosphere in a Mystery fiction.
see also Alliteration

Atmosphere: the ambience, mood, or tone pervading a work of fiction. 
Atmosphere establishes a reader's expectations.  Atmosphere is an essential 
element of style in Mystery fiction, as it also is in related genres such as 
Gothic, Horror, Romance.
[Dorothy Salisbury Davis, "Background and Atmosphere", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Attorney: An alternate word for lawyer or "barrister & solicitor", 
used mostly in the USA. A person that has been trained in the law 
and that has been certified to give legal advice or to represent 
others in litigation.
NOTE: Your Humble Webmaster is NOT an attorney, and is not giving legal advice.

Augustan Age: (1) the literary era of Horace, Vergil, and Ovid in the 
reign of Roman Emperor Augustus [27 B.C. - 14 A.D.]
     (2) By analogy, the period in English literasture from roughly 1700 to 
1745, when authors such as Addison, Pope, Steele, and Swift 
self-consciously aped the social themes, decorum, moderation, and urbanity 
of their ancient predecessors.
See: Periods of English Literature

Authentic: {to be done}
[Barbara Frost, "How to Make It Authentic", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Auto Theft: {to be done}
See: Property Crime; Vehicle;
VIN; Confidential VIN

Autobiography: a biography written by the author about 
himself or herself, as distinguished from Memoir 
(where the emphasis is not on oneself, but on people met or 
events witnessed) or Diary (intended for private use).

Autoerotic Death: Accidental asphyxiation, causing death, rersulting from 
masochistic activity of the deceased.  
Synonym: Sexual Asphyxia

Automated Fingerprint Identification System: {to be done}

Author: the author writes the manuscript that becomes the book.
See ROMANCE Authors Table of Contents.
Author: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
is the #4 most important selling point for readers when deciding what book 
to buy. See also: description on the back cover, word-of-mouth, Personal flip-through, price.

Automated Fingerprint Identification System: A computer based fingerprint
identification system, abbreviated as AFIS. Maintained by 
the FBI, it stores and quickly compares millions of fingerprints in order to 
find matches for purpose of identification of victims or perpetrators.

Autopsy: Medical examination of human body for determining time of death 
and cause of death.  This is legally required for any suspicious or violent 
death.

Avionics: Abbreviation for Aviation Electronics, meaning any electronic 
equipment on aircraft, such as navigation, radio, IFFN, jamming.

B
Definitions: B

BEA: acronym for Behavioral Evidence Analysis

BOLO: acronym for Be On the Lookout

Background: {to be done}
[Dorothy Salisbury Davis, "Background and Atmosphere", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Bad faith: Intent to deceive. A person who intentionally tries to deceive 
or mislead another in order to gain some advantage.

Bail: Criminal law: a commitment made (and possibly secured by cash or 
property) to secure the release of a person being held in custody and 
suspected of a crime, to provide some kind of guarantee that the suspect
will appear to answer the charges at some later date.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
The deposit -- money, property, or bond -- that is put up by, or on behalf of, 
an arrested person to secure his or her release from jail before or after 
court proceedings begin. The California State Constitution declares all 
arrested persons, other than those charged with a death penalty offense, 
are entitled to bail. 
See: Property Bond

Ballad: (1) roughly synonymous with folk ballad, popular ballad, traditional 
ballad. An orally transmitted song which tells a story.
     (2) By analogy, a work of fiction that attempts to capture the 
musical and popular style of such a song.
     (3) Related literary terms include: ballad stanza, broadside ballad, 
     literary ballad.
     
Ballistics: The scientific study of firearms and projectiles in thee phases:
(1) Interior Ballistics: the projectile behavior in the gun barrel;
(2) Exterior Ballistics: the projectile behavior in flight;
(3) Terminal Ballistics: the projectile behavior when it hits the target.

Barbituates: category of depressents of short, intermediate, or 
long-lasting depression, i.e. Secobarbital, amobarbital, etc.  These can, 
on abrupt withdrawal, cause convulsions or death, and usually nicknamed by 
the color of the pill/capsule or the name of the manufacturer.

Barrister: A litigation specialist; a lawyer that restricts his or her 
practice to the court room. In England and some other Commonwealth 
jurisdictions, a legal distinction is made between barristers and 
solicitors, the latter with exclusive privileges of advising clients, 
providing legal advice, and the former with exclusive privileges of 
appearing in a court on behalf of a client. In other words, solicitors 
don't appear in court on a client's behalf and barristers don't give 
legal advice to clients. In England, barristers and solicitors work 
as a team: the solicitor would typically make the first contact with 
a client and if the issue cannot be resolved and proceeds to trial, 
the solicitor would transfer the case to a barrister for the duration 
of the litigation. Lawyers in some states, such as Canada, sometimes use 
the title "barrister and solicitor" even though, contrary to England, 
there is no legal distinction between the advising and litigating roles. 
Canadian lawyers can litigate or give legal advice, as is the case in the USA, where lawyers 
are referred to as "attorneys."
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Basic Yellow 40: After superglue fuming, this dye is used to make latent 
prints fluoresce under alternative lighting systems.
See also: Crystal Violet; D.F.O.

Bastard: An illegitimate child, born in a relationship between two persons 
that are not married (ie. not in wedlock) or who are not married at the 
time of the child's birth.

Bathos: From the Greek term for "depth", critics since Alexander Pope use 
the word to mean an unintended descent from an author's intended elevation 
or passion, by clumsiness or overshooting, to the ridiculous or the 
painfully trivial.
See also: Bombast

Battered Child Syndrome: Clinical language for those injuries caused to a 
physically abused child.

Battery: see: Assault and Battery

Be On the Lookout: The notification broadcast to officers, 
containing detailed information about vehicles or the suspects in them, 
which is technically part of the preliminary investigation.
Abbreviated BOLO.

Beat: A geographic area assigned to specific officers for patrol. 
There are 279 beats in Chicago.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Beat Car: A police car assigned to patrol a specific beat.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Beat Community Meeting: A forum held at least quarterly, 
and often monthly, on each of Chicago's 279 beats. 
Police and community members jointly identify, 
prioritize, and develop strategies to address 
local crime and disorder problems.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Beat Drugs: Substances sold to buyers in place of actual drugs, 
(i.e. "phony drugs") 

Beat Integrity: A Chicago Police Department strategy to keep officers 
on their own beat as much as possible (rather than assisting in 
emergencies on other beats). This allows officers to get to know both 
residents and problems on their beat.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Beat Plan: A plan of action developed by the beat team, 
with input from the community, on significant problems 
on the beat and how to address them. The framework of 
analysis is the "crime triangle," which views each 
problem in terms of three legs: victim, offender, 
and location.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Beat Team: The eight or nine officers from all three watches assigned 
to the same beat, and the sergeant who serves as team leader.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

"Beauty is only skin deeep."  Or is it?
Beauty: #2 of the top 3 character traits that romance readers like 
to see in the heroine about whom they read (in 1998),
according to Romance Writers of America statistics.
See also: intelligence, attractiveness, handsomeness, kindness, muscle bound, 
and strength of character.

Behavioral Evidence Analysis: Type of criminal profiling by a 
deductive method wherein the perpetrator's characteristics are determined 
from crime scene evidence.
abbreviated BEA.

Benzodiaapines: see Date-rape Drugs

Berne Convention: An international copyright treaty called the Convention for 
the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works signed at Berne, Switzerland 
in 1886 (amended several times and as late as 1971) and to which now subscribe 
77 nations including all major trading countries including China, with the 
notable exception of Russia. It is based on the principle of national treatment.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Alphonse Bertillon: Founder of anthropometrics. 

Bertillon Measurements: A specific set of 11 measurements of various parts of the
body to identify a person.
See: Alphonse Bertillon; Anthropometry

Bigamy: Being married to more than one person at the same time. 
This is a criminal offence in most countries.

Biggers-Brathwaite Factors Test: Method to balance the reliability of 
eyewitness identification, based on five factors listed by the U.S. Supreme 
Court, against the corrupting influence of suggestive processes.  It 
enables a highly reliable means of identification in court, even after 
some misbehavior by officers put the fairness of the identification in 
jeaopardy.

Biography: (1) "The history of particular men's lives." [Dryden]
     (2) The genre of books, short works, or collections of such histories.
     (3) Subgenres include:
          * Autobiography: a biography written by the author about 
               himself or herself, as distinguished from Memoir 
               (where the emphasis is not on oneself, but on people met or 
               events witnessed) or Diary (intended for private use).
          * Chronicle: especially about a King or a Saint.

Biological Agents: Toxins or microorganisms such as anthrax, botulism, 
plague, smallpox, which can cause human illness or death, and could be 
used by terrorists for biowar.  Typically slow-acting compared to Chemical Agents.

Biometrics: The use of personal biological measurements for entry into 
computer systems. 

Biowar: see Biological Agents
                             
Blacked Out:(noun) A vehicle being driven at night without any lights. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Blamestorming: (verb) Sitting around in a group, discussing what went wrong, 
and who (if anyone) should be held responsible. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Blank Verse: Poetic lines of iambic pentameter.

Blend: To become part of surrounding activities or culture, for 
investigative purposes. 

Blending Operations: Assimilating police officers into their surroundings. 

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: The study of the origin, trajectory and patterns of
bloodstains. 

Bobbies: slang for British Police Constables, based on name of Sir Robert Peel.

Body Language: The display of certain gestures, demeanor, facial expressions, and/or 
body movements as brought about by deception or truthfulness. Keen observers can 
analyze involuntary body language during conversation, interrogation, or testimony.

Bombast: (1) Original meaning was "cotton stuffing."
     (2) By analogy, a fiction, drama, or poetry style which is inflated, 
verbose, inflated in an attempt to be heroic. 
See also: Bathos.

Bone Rustlers: Fossil hunters without authorization, who loot private or 
public land. 
See also Archaeological Looting

Book: Books are the final printed objects that publishers 
release, from the manuscripts sold to them by authors. The kinds of books that the 
Romance industry are interested in 
include: anthologies, single-title romances, series romances.

Book clubs: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
are the way that 9% of romance readers purchase books.

Book Store: one of several types of retail outlets 
where a reader buys one or more books.

Booster: see Accelerant

Booster Bag: Used by shoplifter, this is a big shopping bag lined with 
aluminum foil and duct tape, which blocvks the electronic security tags of 
items placed inside, allowing them to be smuggled past detectors at exits.

Bore: the interior diameter of a gun barrel in between its opposing high sides.
See also: Caliber; Firearm

Bow Street Runners: 18th Century unpaid private citizens who received 
rewards for identifying thieves. These volunteers were established in 1748 
by Henry Fielding, and were thus the first modern detective force.  Some, 
by 1785, were directly employed as detectives by the government.

Bowdlerize: Derived from Reverend Thomas Bowdler, who left out the rude 
bits in his "Family Shakespeare" [1815], omitting as he put it: 
"whatever is unfit to be read by a gentleman in a company of ladies."
Hence, any overly delicate censorship.

Brady Material: Also known as discovery. 
See: Brady v. Maryland

Brady v. Maryland: The Supreme Court case allowing the accused to discover all
opposing evidence for trial.
See: Brady Material

Brands: the registered combinations of letters, marks, numbers, and shapes 
used to uniquely identify ownership of livestock.

Brainpower: (noun) Intellectual capacity (or lack thereof).
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Brainwork: (noun) Intellectual activity, especially as an aspect of a 
person's profession.
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Brideswell: see Workhouse

Brown v. Mississippi: Supreme Court Decision ending brutality and "third degree"
interrogation tactics. 

Bug: (noun) Hidden microphone connected to a radio transmitter or 
directly wired to a listening post. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]
See: Wiretap

Bullet: {to be done}
see also: Caliber, Gun

Bumper Beeper: (noun) Radio transmitter attached inside a vehicle's bumper 
used as a beacon or homing device for mobile surveillance. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Burden of Going Forward: The responsibility of the defense 
in a criminal trial to present sufficient evidence to raise reasonable 
doubt in the minds of jurors.  This is optional, as the defense is not 
formally required to present any evidence at all.

Burden of Proof: A rule of evidence that makes a person prove a certain 
thing or the contrary will be assumed by the court. For example, 
in criminal trials, the prosecution has the burden of proving the 
accused guilt because innocence is presumed.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Burgler: a criminal who commits a burglary.

Burglary: Illegally entering or remaining in a building, vehicle, 
or water craft, with intent to commit any felony or theft.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
See: Property Crime

Burglary Tools: Used by burglers to commit crimes, usually 
ordinary household tools, sometimes modified to be more effective in 
aiding breaking and entering.

Burlesque: (1) a type of Satire, roughly synonymous with parody or travesty,
where the author inongruously imitates the manner or matter of a serious 
work of literature, and where the more the disparity between the subject 
matter and the style or form, the more fun and amusement is gained.
     Some critics draw fine distinctions, claiming that "Burlesque"
is the more general term, and other terms above are specialized sub-types. 
They further subdivide as follows:
     * High Burlesque: Elevated style for undignified low subject:
          * Mock Epic, or Mock Heroic
          * Parody (usually of a specific literary work or author)
     * Low Burlesque: Undignified low style for serious and dignified subject:
          * Hudibrastic: doggeral mocking Chivalric Romance
          * Travesty: mocks an elevated work in lowly language and style
(2) The modern use for a form of theatre derives from incongruous 
imitations of serious drama, such as John Gay's "Begger's Opera" [1728] 
which skewered Italian Opera.  Gilbert & Sullivan were the masters of 
Burlesque musical theatre in the Victorian era, sometimes using plots with 
Mystery elements.
(3) In America, the second definition above declined to designate mere 
slapstick, bawdry, and ultimately the striptease.

Burn Indicators: Those effects of heat or partial burning which indicate 
the rate of development of a fire, its points of origin, its duration, its 
time of occurrence, or the presence of accelerants.
See: Arson

Burned: The act of being observed by the person being surveilled. Also 
known as "made." 

Buy and Bust: The apprehension of a drug seller upon the purchase of drugs.

Thomas Byrnes: Commander of the Central Detective Office in New York City [1880]

C
Definitions: C

CFE: abbreviation for Certified Fraud Examiner (Investigators who are 
certified to conduct fraud investigations.

CIB: acronym for Criminal Identification Bureau

CID: acronym for Criminal Investigation Department

CODIS: acronym for Combined DNA Index System

CUPPI: acronym for Circumstances Undetermined Pending Police Investigation

Cadaver Dogs: The highly trained canines who assist in locating bodies 
submerged in water, or underground, based on sensitivity the the smell of 
decomposing human remains.
See also: Accelerant Detection Canines; Explosives Detection Canines

Cadaveric Spasm: Popularly known as Death Grip, this is the instantaneous
tightening of an extremity or other body part at the time of death.

Caliber: a bullet's diameter, slightly larger than the bore of the weapon 
that fired that bullet.

The Camp Mystery:
     "The rules and appurtenances of any of the foregoing [Whodunnit]
subtypes turned inside-out and played strictly for belly laughs."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
See also: Burlesque.
Characteristic Camp Mystery Authors:
* Ed McBain
* Robert L. Fish
* Donald E. Westlake

Canon Law: The law of the Christian Church. Has little or no legal effect 
today. Canon law refers to that body of law which has been set by the 
Christian Church and which, in virtually all places, is not binding upon 
citizens and has virtually no recognition in the judicial system. Some 
citizens resort to canon law, however, for procedures such as marriage 
annulments to allow for a Christian church marriage where one of the 
parties has been previously divorced. Many church goers and church 
officers abide by rulings and doctrines of canon law. Also known as 
ecclesiastical law.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Canvass: To interview a large number of potential witnesses. 
     
The Caper Mystery:
     "(The yin-yang opposite of the Straight Whodunnit). A step-by-step 
analysis of a crime as it is planned by the man who is going to bring it off."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Caper Mystery Authors:
* Eric Ambler [Topkapi]
* Richard Stark
* Lionel White

Caper Novel: One of the newer forms, centered on the commission of some type 
of crime or scam, usually outrageous and frequently humorous. Will it succeed, 
and will the scoundrels get away with it? Gives us an opportunity to root for 
characters we might not root for in real life.
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]

Capital Punishment: The most severe of all sentences: that of death. 
Also known as the death penalty, capital punishment has been banned in 
many countries. In the United States, an earlier move to eliminate capital 
punishment has now been reversed and more and more states are resorting 
to capital punishment for serious offenses such as murder
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

CAPS: Acronym for Chicago's Alternative Policing Strategy. 
This is the Department's community policing strategy, 
based on a partnership between the police and the community. 
Although it is officially called an alternative policing 
strategy, it is the Department's principal strategy for 
addressing crime and disorder problems.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Career Criminal: One who keeps breaking the law, again and again, 
regardless of how often arrested or incarcerated.
See: Professional Criminal; Crimogen

Career Criminal Programs: The investigation of career criminals.

Cargo Theft: The theft of things in or from a commercial motor vehicle.

Carjacking: The crime of taking a motor vehicle away from 
a passenger or motorist, in that victim's presence, bu using force or 
threat, with the intent of permanently or temporarily depriving the owner 
of the use of the vehicle.

Carrier Current Device: (noun)Transmits a low-power AM signal along wires 
(electrical or phone). 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Carnivore: (1) Literally, meat-eater;
(2) USA Federal device used to intercept information through the internet. 

Caroline Age: Literary period during the reign of Charles I [1625-1649], 
during which was the English Civil War between Royalist "Cavaliers" and 
allies of Parliament ("Roundheads").  Authors of the age included John 
Milton, George Herbert, and the court-connected Cavalier Poets (Thomas Carew, 
Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Robert Herrick [although he was 
an unconnected country parson]). Most of these were admirers of 
Dr.Johnson (hence called "Sons of Ben").
See also Jacobean Age; Periods of English Literature

Carpe Diem: Latin phrase meaning "seize the day" [Horace, Odes, I.ix],
which is now a common literary motif.

Case Folder: A file used for the collection and organization of 
investigation documents.

Case Investigator: also known as Primary Investigator or Lead Investigator;
The criminal investigator responsible for the proper investigation of the 
crime scene.

Case Law: The entire collection of published legal decisions of the courts 
which, because of stare decisis, contributes a large part of the legal rules 
which apply in modern society. If a rule of law cannot be found in written 
laws, lawyers will often say that it is a rule to be found in "case law". 
In other words, the rule is not in the statute books but can be found as a 
principle of law established by a judge in some recorded case. The word 
jurisprudence has become synonymous for case law.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Case Management: The procedure for collecting, recording, organizing, and
perserving investigative information. 

Catalytic Combustion Detector: a criminalistic portable device that 
oxidizes a smaple's combustible gases.  It is used to detect residues of 
accelerants at fire scenes.  
Synonyms: Combustible Gas Indicator; Explosimeter; Sniffer; Vapor Detector
See also: Arson.

Caveat: (Latin) "let him beware." A formal warning. Caveat emptor means 
let the buyer beware or that the buyers should examine and check for 
themselves things which they intend to purchase and that they cannot 
later hold the vendor responsible for the broken condition of the thing bought.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Celtic Renaissance: The period, roughly 1885 to William Butler Yeats' 
death [1939], also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance.
Authors included AE (G. W. Russell), James Stephens, Oliver St.John Gogarty.
Playwrights included Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge, Sean O'Casey.

Certified Fraud Examiner: Investigators who are certified to conduct fraud
investigations; abbreviated CFE.

Ceteris Paribus: (Latin) all things being equal or unchanged. 

Chain of Custody: "A continuous, logical chain of evidence possession" 
without which a defense attorney will argue that the evidence was tampered 
with during some break in the chain."
This should, ideally, be a written, unbroken, chronological record that 
also accounts for any changes in the evidence.

Character and Characterization: {to be done}
[John D. MacDonald, "How a Character Becomes Believable", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Charging: formally asserting that a specific person shall be prosecuted for a crime.
See: Cleared By Arrest

Charring: the way that materials are scorched by a fire. 
By analysis of relative depth of scorching throughout the fire scene, 
an investigator can determine the direction of fire spread.
See: Arson

Chaste: A person who has never voluntarily had sexual intercourse outside 
of marriage, such as unmarried virgins. 

Chattel: Moveable items of property which are neither land nor permanently 
attached to land or a building, either directly or vicariously through 
attachment to real property. A piano is chattel but an apartment building, 
a tree or a concrete building foundation are not. The opposite of chattel is 
real property which includes lands or buildings. All property which is not 
real property is said to be chattel. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Check Fraud: The creation or use of altered or phony bank checks in any 
activity such as counterfeiting, identity theft, or a payroll check scheme.
See: Check Washing

Check Washing: process of altering bank checks with the 
use of an acidic chemical solution in order to erase the amount or the 
payee information, so that false numbers or names may be written in their 
place. 
See: Check Fraud

Chemical Agents: Rapidly acting biowar weapons such as mustard gas, sarin, 
V agents, which cause  a variety of incapacitating symptoms or death, and 
which can cause mass casualties.
See: WMD; Biological Agents

Chemical Explosions: Events in which high-pressure gas is 
produced by chemical reactions which involve alteration of the nature of 
the fuel, as commonly occurs in burning of hydrocarbon fuels such as 
natural gas, gasoline, or lubricating oils, when a polymer is broken down 
by heat into a monomer or shorter polymer gas.

Child: person under the age of 18.
See: infant; juvenile; minor; youth

Child Pornography: As defined by statute, any sexually explicit
visual depiction of a minor, including magazines, movies, negatives, photographs,
videotaped, and computerized images. 

Children: may result from marriage, may result from love, almost always 
result from sex.

Children's Books: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
such merchandise is purchased by 27% of romance readers when they're in a 
bookstore buying romance fiction.

Chivalric Romance or Medieval Romance: {to be done}

Chop Shops: Criminal garages that strip stolen cars of usable parts to 
repair damage vehicles. The goal is that the illegal dissassembly of cars 
allows the traceable parts to be disposed of or altered, so that the 
remaining untraceable parts can be sold to repair shops, salavage yards, 
or other buyers.
See: Auto Theft; VIN; Confidential VIN

Chorus: {to be done}

Chronicle: {to be done}
See: Biography

Chronicle Plays: {to be done}

Crystallized Methamphetamine: a long-acting amphetamine stimulant that 
started in injectible form or pill, but has been modified to a smokable 
odorless version in solid form which looks like a chip of ice and liquifies 
when lighted.
Synonym: Crystal Meth; Ice; Speed
See also: Amphetamine

Circumstances Undetermined Pending Police Investigation: a case where the 
medical examiner has performed an autopsy, but requests clarification 
before signing a death certificate.
Abbreviated CUPPI.

Circumstantial Evidence: Evidence which may allow a judge or jury to deduce 
a certain fact from other facts which have been proven. In some cases, there 
can be some evidence that can not be proven directly, such as with an 
eye-witness. And yet that evidence may be essential to prove a case. In these 
cases, the lawyer will provide the judge or juror with evidence of the 
circumstances from which a juror or judge can logically deduct, or reasonably 
infer, the fact that cannot be proven directly; it is proven by the evidence
of the circumstances; hence, "circumstantial" evidence. Fingerprints are an 
example of circumstantial evidence: while there may be no witness to a person's 
presence in a certain place, or contact with a certain object, the scientific 
evidence of someone's fingerprints is persuasive proof of a person's presence 
or contact with an object. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Citation: An order of a court to either do a certain thing or to appear 
before it to answer charges. The citation is typically used for lesser 
offences (such as traffic violations) because it relies on the good faith
of the defendant to appear as requested, as opposed to an arrest or bail. 
The penalty for failing to obey a citation is often a warrant for the 
arrest of the defendant.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Civil Action: A lawsuit in which a private party, rather than the state, 
is plaintiff, and where the plaintiff's remedy is either money damages 
or an injunction. In some cases, the same conduct can give rise to both 
a civil or criminal action.
See: Civil Law
 
Civil Law: Law inspired by old Roman Law, the primary feature of which 
was that laws were written into a collection; codified, and not determined, 
as is common law, by judges. The principle of civil law is to provide all 
citizens with an accessible and written collection of the laws which apply 
to them and which judges must follow. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
See: Civil Action

Class Characteristics: Aspects of physical evidence which are common to a 
set of objects or persons.

Cleared By Arrest: That category of offense where the suspect has been 
arrested but there was insufficient evidence to file any formal charge.

Cliche: {to be done}
["Avoiding Cliches Like the Plague", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Clandestine: Something that is purposely kept from the view or knowledge
of others either in violation of the law or to conduct or conceal 
some illegal purpose. 
See: French Method of Detective Work

Clandestine Drug Laboratory: an illicit operation which produces a variety of illegal 
drugs for distribution and sale.  Because of the chemicals used, and the 
lack of expertise by the workers, these seriously endanger the public, as 
well as police and firefighters.

Clean Hands: A maxim of the law to the effect that any person, individual 
or corporate, that wishes to ask or petition a court for judicial action, 
must be in a position free of fraud or other unfair conduct. 

Cloning: the illegal programming of a cellular phone by overwriting the 
access code with that of some legitimate cellular customer, by means of a 
personal computer or specialized cloning "black box."

Close Tail: "Following a person, must be undetected, a constant 
surveillance" -- also known as "Tight Tail."
See also: Loose Tail; Rough Tail

Clues: see Leads; Evidence

Cocaine: a natural stimulant extracted from coca leaves.  It is sold 
illegally as a white, translucent crystal power, and is usually 
adulterated (stepped on).
Abbreviated: Coke
See: Drugs; Crack; Rock Cocaine

Code of Ethics: (noun) Rules of conduct to which members must adhere 
in order to remain in good standing with a professional organization.
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Codeine: an opiate in injectible, liquid, or tablet form which is preferred 
to morphine because it causes less analgesia, sedation, and respiratory 
depression.

CODIS: Acronym for "Combined DNA Index System." 
          
Coffee or cafe items: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
such merchandise is purchased by 15% of romance readers when they're in a 
bookstore buying romance fiction.  
A prolific author is a machine where you put in coffee and get out manuscripts.

Cognitive Interview: Technique used to enhance accuracy in a witness's
information. 

Coke: see Cocaine

Cold Case Investigations: The investigation of old and unsolved crimes.

Collusion: A secret agreement between two or more persons, who seem to have 
conflicting interests, to abuse the law or the legal system, deceive a court 
or to defraud a third party. 

Colonial America: see Romance Subgenres

Combined DNA Index System: Database developed and maintained by the FBI
which includes records of convicted offenders' DNA profiles, and known-subject 
DNA profiles, and unknown-subject DNA profiles, which is used by 
investigators to find matches in order to link unsolved crimes across 
multiple jurisdictions.
Abbreviated CODIS

Combustible Gas Indicator:   
Synonyms: Catalytic Combustion Detector; Explosimeter; Sniffer; Vapor Detector
See also: Arson.

Comedy: the second of the two great dramatic forms, according to Aristotle, the 
other being Tragedy.
see Wit

Comedy of Humors: {to be done}


Comic Relief: {to be done}

Commedia Dell'Arte: {to be done}

Commercial: see Romance Subgenres

Commercial Shoplifters: people who steal merchandise in 
order to resell it. Also known as Boosters.

Commercial Vehicle Theft: stealing of tractor units or trailers.

Common Law: Unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and
which is supported by court decisions. 

Community Adjustment: Disposition of a juvenile offense which involves 
releasing the offender to a parent or guardian, with follow-up 
assistance by either the police or a community agency. A community 
adjustment is an alternative to juvenile court, made in the discretion 
of the police, for less serious offenses. Also referred to as a 
"station adjustment."
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Common Law: Judge-made law. Law which exists and applies to a group on the 
basis of historical legal precedents developed over hundreds of years. 
Because it is not written by elected politicians but, rather, by judges, 
it is also referred to as "unwritten" law. Judges seek these principles 
out when trying a case and apply the precedents to the facts to come up 
with a judgement. Common law is often contrasted with civil law systems 
which require all laws to be written in a code or written collection. 
Common law has been referred to as the "common sense of the community, 
crystallized and formulated by our ancestors". 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Commonwealth Period: see Periods of English Literature

Comparative Negligence: A principle of tort law which looks at the 
negligence of the victim and which may lead to either a reduction of the 
award against the defendant, proportionate to the contribution of the victim's 
negligence, or which may even prevent an award altogether if the victim's 
negligence, when compared with the defendant, is equal to or greater in terms 
or contributing to the situation which caused the injury or damage. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Competency: Evidence that is admissible contrasted with that which is
inadmissible.

Competency: (of a Witness) Personal qualifications or circumstances 
for court testimony, depending on the legal ability to act as a sworn witness, 
for intance: age or mental state.

Complaint: (1) (Police) A statement under oath whereby a witness accuses 
an individual of criminal behavior. Although a complaint may trigger an 
arrest, it is not in itself sufficient in Illinois and most jurisdictions 
to bring the offender before a criminal court.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
(2) (Law) The Complaint and Subpoena are served and filed at the start of a
Civil Action.
(3) A written accusation filed by a prosecutor in a justice or municipal court 
that accuses one or more persons of committing one or more crimes. 
[California]

Component Swapping: A practice of fraud where manufacturewrs of, for instance, 
computers, use parts from a low-cost supplier but do not inform the buyer 
of that, pretending instead that the parts are expensive and standard.

Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970: The act that defines the 
legality or illegality of drugs. 

Computer-aided Investigation: Computer programs used to analyze criminal 
information and to prepared investigative plans. 

Computerized Case Management: Computer software used to collect, record and
organize investigative information.

Computerized Report Writing: Digital dictation systems for computerized 
report writing. 

Con Men: see Confidence Artists

Conceit: {to be done}

Concentric Fractures: An impact on a glass window leaves these lines that 
approximately circle the point of impact.

Concrete and Abstract: {to be done}

Confabulation: When a subject is hypnotized and asked to recall events, 
the subject will fabricate details to edit the incomplete actual memories 
for continuity.

Confession: A person's admissions of enough facts to establish his 
or her guilt of a particular crime.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
Note: if the admissions cover each and every element of the offense, then 
there should be no reasonable doubt as to guilt.

Confidant: {to be done}

Confidence Artists: People who employ guile an a person-to-person 
interaction in order to swindle the victim by gaining the victim's 
conficence.
Synonym: Con Men

Confidential Informant: A professional person who provides information to law
enforcement, usually on a one time basis.

Confidential Information: People who provide the police with information and 
remain anonymous 

Confidential VIN: an extra Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) 
stamped someplace on the vehicle's body or frame in a location known onlky 
to the manufacturer and law enforcement experts in auto theft.  This is a 
way of protecting against chop shops.

Connotation and Denotation: {to be done}

Conspiracy: (1) An agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal act. 
Those forming the conspiracy are called conspirators. 
(2) Agreement with another, or others, to commit a crime, and an act by any 
party to the agreement in furtherance of the agreement.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Contact: An investigator who maintains contact with the undercover officer 

Contact Burn: damage to the skin caused by contact with a 
flame or hot object such as tip of lit cigarette, or hot iron.

Contaminated: The state of evidence or crime scene being contaminated, or spoiled. 
Contrast: PristineContamination: processes by which evidence is contaminated.
See: Cross-Contamination

Contaminated Fingerprint: see Fingerprint 

Contemporary: see Romance Subgenres

Contempt of Court: An act of defiance of court authority or dignity. 
Contempt of court can be direct (swearing at a judge or violence against 
a court officer) or constructive (disobeying a court order). 
The punishment for contempt is a fine or a brief stay in jail (i.e. overnight).

Continuance: A delay of court proceedings.  

Contract: An agreement between persons which obliges each 
party to do or not to do a certain thing. Technically, a valid contract 
requires an offer and an acceptance of that offer, and, in common law 
countries, consideration.
     In general, Mystery fiction is bought from an author by a 
publisher (sometimes hrough an agent) via a 
contract.  The Contract almost always involves a cash advance, and then a royalty pay-out.

Contract Law: That body of law which regulates the enforcement of contracts. 
Contract law has its origins thousands of years as the early civilizations 
began to trade with each other, a legal system was created to support and to 
facilitate that trade. The English and French developed similar contract law 
systems, both referring extensively to old Roman contract law principles such 
as "consensus ad idem" or caveat emptor. There are some minor differences on 
points of detail such as the English law requirement that every contract 
contain consideration. More and more states are changing their laws to 
eliminate consideration as a prerequisite to a valid contract thus contributing 
to the uniformity of law. Contract law is the basis of all commercial dealings 
from buying a bus ticket to trading on the stock market. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Contract Security Investigations: Contracted external companies which provide
numerous security services. 

Convenience: according to Romance Writers of America statistics,
is the #2 most important shopping factor for romance readers, in order of 
importance. Contrast: selection of books, price, help.

Conventions: {to be done}

Copyright: The exclusive right to produce or reproduce (copy), to perform 
in public or to publish an original literary or artistic work. 
Many countries have expanded the definition of a "literary work" to 
include computer programs or other electronically stored information. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Coroner: A public official who holds an inquiry into violent or 
suspicious deaths. A coroner has the power to summon people to the 
inquest. 

Coroner: The term Coroner has been in use in England since about the year 900. 
It derives from the term coruner (root word corona, Latin for crown, "officer 
of the crown", meaning worked for the King). The position of Coroner has evolved 
over the centuries as a public official responsible for the investigation and 
certification of cause and manner of cases of sudden and unnatural death. 
     Much of American law derives from the English system and the office of the 
Coroner has remained in use in the United States to date. The use of the office 
of the Coroner varies widely throughout the U.S. Some are elected positions, 
others are appointed. Many are open to lay persons, others require that the 
Coroner be a physician, and a few require that the Coroner be a 
forensic pathologist. 
See: Medical Examiner

Corporal Punishment: A punishment for some violation of conduct which 
involves the infliction of pain on, or harm to the body. A fine or 
imprisonment is not considered to be corporal punishment (in the 
latter case, although the body is confined, no punishment is inflicted 
upon the body). The death penalty is the most drastic form of corporal 
punishment and is also called capital punishment. Some schools still 
use a strap to punish students. Some countries still punish habitual 
thieves by cutting off a hand. These are forms of corporal punishment, 
as is any form of spanking, whipping or bodily mutilation inflicted as 
punishment.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Corpus Delicti: (Latin) The "body of the crime"; i.e. all the elements 
that make up the crime.

Corpus Delicti Evidence: Substantiation of elements of a 
crime, which evidence of elements must be proved by the prosecution to 
prove the case and possibly convict the accused.

Court: {to be done}

Court Advocacy: A CAPS program in which community volunteers identify 
and track court cases and attend court proceedings that are of concern 
to the community. Attendance at court shows support for victims and 
lets the judge and defendants know that the community is concerned 
about the outcome of the case.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Court Martial: A military court set up to try and punish offenses 
taken by members of the Army, Navy or Air force. 

Court of Admiralty: A rather archaic term used to denote the court 
which has the right to hear shipping, ocean and sea legal cases. 
Also known as "maritime law".  

Courtly Love: {to be done}

Courtroom Drama: see Romance Subgenres

Cover Story: An fictional explanation of one's presence or activities.
See: Pretexting

Covert Operations: Undercover investigations (conducted in secret ). 
See: Clandestine; Overt

Cozies: English villages or country houses, with peaceful and genteel
exteriors are usually the setting for these mysteries. There is little violence
involved (apart from a murder), no gory details and everything is wrapped
up in a satisfactory conclusion. 
[formerly on now-abandoned site 
     http://staff.queens.lib.ny.us/central/my_html/Mystery.htm]
* Charlotte Macleaod (Peter Shandy, the Bittersohns, Dittany Henbit)
* John Sherwood (Celia Grant)
* Agatha Christie (Jane Marple)

Cozy: Think Agatha Christie. Think cats. Think culinary. The cozy is a mystery 
in which a murder, perhaps violent, is committed without bringing significant 
unpleasantness to the reader, or to the other characters in the story. In her 
entertaining 1977 book, Murder Ink, Dilys Winn described the cozy as "a small 
village setting, a hero[ine] with faintly aristocratic family connections, a 
plethora of red herrings, and a tendency to commit homicide with sterling 
silver letter openers and poisons imported from Paraguay."
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]

Crack: synonym for Rock Cocaine

Credibility: the credibility of a witness is that quality which renders 
his or her testimony worthy of belief, based upon the attentiveness, 
consciousness, presence, and other aspects of that witness in interviews or 
at trial.  The judge can make a "credibility determination", and the jury 
must also decide for themselves how credible a witness is.

Credit Card Fraud: Activities including creation of altered, fake, stolen, 
or fraudulently obtained credit cards.
See: Fraud; Check Fraud

Crime: An act or omission which is prohibited by 
criminal law. Each state sets out a limited series of acts (crimes) 
which are prohibited and punishes the commission of these acts by a fine, 
imprisonment or some other form of punishment. In exceptional cases, 
an omission to act can constitute a crime, such as failing to give 
assistance to a person in peril or failing to report a case of child abuse. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Crime Analysis: Application of systematic analytical 
methodologies in order to obtain pertinent and timely information on crime 
patterns, and correlation of trends regarding crimes. This includes:
(1) Administrative Crime Analysis;
(2) Strategic Crime Analysis;
(3) Tactical Crime Analysis;

Crime Analyst: a person who performs Crime Analysis: 

Crime Bulletins: Publications written by Crime Analysts to disseminiate
knowledge by print or electronically on topics such as:
(1) Active Criminals: the persons topping the list;
(2) Crime Series (i.e. multiple crimes with similar location, time, M.O.);
(3) Trends regarding crimes.

Crime Lab: abbreviation for Crime Laboratory.
A scientific organization which performs analysis of materials collected 
from a crime scene and from suspects and victims, in order to assist in 
determining whether or not a crime was comitted, and, if it was:
(1) How;
(2) When;
(3) By whom.
See: ASCLD

Crime Laboratories: see Crime Lab; ASCLD

Crime Novel: "Mysteries" and more. Perhaps a better term than "mystery novel" 
to describe the category today, with its implication of a broad variety of 
approaches to the issue of crime and its implications, less dependence on the 
four essential elements. A notable example of the newer type of construction 
is the story told from the standpoint of the criminal -- hit man (or woman), 
con artist, or whatever. Often in a crime novel, the "good guys" and the 
"bad guys" share equal time -- you know whodunit -- but you don't know how 
the story will be resolved.
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]
See: Mystery Novel

Crime Scene: The geographic location where a crime has been committed.

Crime Scene Coordinator: {to be done}

Crime Scene Entry Log: Written chronological record of 
each and every person who enters or leaves a crime scene.

Crime Scene Unit: A unit of investigators trained to secure, analyze, and 
process crime scenes. 

Crime Scene Investigation/Reconstruction: Crime Scene Investigation deals 
with the preservation and collection of evidence located at the scene of 
a crime. Crime Scene Reconstruction is the interpretation of the evidence 
to recreate the circumstances of the crime. Each crime scene is unique
and must be evaluated individually. 
[Office of the Attorney General, State of California, Dept. of Justice]

Crime Scene Release: The formal end of Crime Scene: processing, which is 
then followed by returning the area or premises to a responsible person 
(i.e. owner), as determined by the Crime Scene Coordinator.

Crime Scene Vehicle: A vehicle used to transport crime scene investigators 
and crime scene processing supplies.

Criminal Action: A lawsuit in which the state or the public, rather than 
a private party, is plaintiff, and the defendant faces punishment such 
as a fine or incarceration if convicted.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
See: Civil Action

Criminal Conversation: Synonymous with adultery. In old English law, 
this was a claim for damages the husband could institute against the adulterer. 

Criminal Identification Bureau: In Chicago, 1884, this was 
the first municipal organization in the USA exclusively for helping detectives 
with criminal identification.
Abbreviated CIB

Criminal Investigation Department: Created in 1878 
London, this was a centralized group of detectives at Scotland Yard which 
was, for strategic, ethical, and administrative reasons, kept separate 
from the Metropolitan Police.
Abbreviated CID

Criminal Investigative Analysis: The processes formerly known as 
Psychological Profiling. This is used to determine the 
behavior and personality of offenders of serial rape or serial murder.

Criminal Law: That body of the law that deals with conduct considered 
so harmful to society as a whole that it is prohibited by statute, 
prosecuted and punished by the government. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
See: Penal Law

Criminal Personality Profiling: The attempt to identify a person's mental, 
emotional, and psychological characteristics. 
Also known as Criminal Profiling

Criminal/noncriminal Investigation: The investigation of criminal and 
noncriminal matters.

Criminalist: A forensic scientist who examines physical evidence.

Criminalistics: Scientific discipline directed to the recognition, 
identification, individualization, and evaluation of evidence. 
The sciences used include:
(1) Biology;
(2) Chemistry;
(3) Computer Science;
(4) Geology;
(5) Mathematics;
(6) Physics.

Criminal Profiling: see Criminal Personality Profiling

Crimogen: (1) an individally identified offender who has comitted a large 
number of crimes; (2) an individual victim who reports a large number of crimes.

Criminology: {to be done}

Criss-cross or reverse directories: Directories that allow various means of 
referencing information. For example, a Reverse Phone Directory allows you 
to look up the address of a person if you known his/her phone number. 

Critical: see Criticism

Critical Criminology: see Radical Criminology

Criticism: {to be done}

Cross-Contamination: The undesired transfer of material 
between multiple sources of physical evidence.
See: Contaminated

Cross-examination: In trials, each party calls witnesses. Each party may 
also question the other's witness(es). When you ask questions of the other 
party's witness(es), it is called a "cross-examination" and you are allowed 
considerably more latitude in cross-examination then when you question your 
own witnesses (called an "examination-in-chief"). For example, you are not 
allowed to ask "leading questions" to your own witness whereas you can in 
cross-examination. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Cryptanalysis: Procedures for accessing secured information by breaking 
the encryption, i.e. cracking the code.  Today, this is done primarily by 
the use of special software, sometimes on specially designed computers.

Crystal Violet: a dye utilized for developing latent prints on the 
adhesive side of sticky tape.
See also: Basic Yellow 40; D.F.O.

Culpa Lata: see Gross Negligence

Cultivated Sources: People who have special information regarding a 
particular crime.

Cybercrime: Any illegal act in which knowledge of computer technology is used to
commit the offense.

Cyberlaw: {to be done}

Cyberstalking: The harassment of others through the use of a computer.
This may include threatening victims by e-mail, in internet chat rooms, or 
in news groups.

Cyberterrorism: Terrorism which is perpetrated through the internet 
This may include: disruption or shut-down of critical infrastructure 
facilities of energy, government operations, or transportation.

D
Definitions: D

DEA: see Drug Enforcement Administration

D.N.A.: abbreviation for Deoxyribonucleic Acid; genetic molecule used in 
forensics to identify identity of biological evidence.
See: DNA/Serology; Genetic Fingerprint; MtDNA

D.F.O.: abbreviation for Diazafluren-9-one, an especially effective
chemical for developing latent prints on paper.  It produces red prints 
that may be visible to the naked eye, but which also fluoresce brightly 
under laser and alternative lighting systems.

D.O.A.: Abbreviation for "dead on arrival," as applied to a person 
who expires before reaching a medical facility.

D.O.B.: Abbreviation for "date of birth."

D.U.I.: Abbreviation for "Driving Under the Influence"
see Alcohol/DUI

Dactylography: Study and comparison methodoloies on fingerprints for 
criminal identification, as first used regularly in 1900 England, but used 
occasionally for at least 2,000 years.

Damages: A cash compensation ordered by a court to offset losses or 
suffering caused by another's fault or negligence. Damages are 
a typical request made of a court when persons sue for breach of contract
or tort. 

Date-rape Drugs: Chemicals that facilitate rape by debilitating the 
victim.  These include:
(1) Rohypnol;
(2) GHB;
(3) various depressants;
(4) various benzodiazapines 

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical Inc: U.S. Supreme Court decision stating 
that federal courts should generally allow admission of all relevant evidence.

Death Grip: see Cadaveric Spasm

Death Penalty: Also known as capital punishment, this is the most severe form 
of corporal punishment as it is requires law enforcement officers 
to kill the offender. Forms of the death penalty include hanging from the neck, 
gassing, firing squad and has included use of the guillotine.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
See: Decapitation

Decadence: a literary movement;
see Aestheticism, from which it evolved.

Decapitation: The act of beheading a person, usually instantly such as 
with a large and heavy knife or by guillotine, as a form of capital punishment. 
This form of capital punishment is still in use in some Arab countries, 
notably Saudi Arabia.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Decorum: How properly or fittingly the actions and 
characters, on the one hand, match the dialog and narration style, on the 
other hand.  This is a classical theory, expinded in "The Art of Poetry" by 
Horace.  It was elaborated in the Renaissance, and again in the Neoclassical 
Age.  When violated, this leads to Burlesque and Bathos.

Decoy Operations: The use of police officers as "victims", a proactive attempt 
to detect criminal activity. 

Deductive Reasoning: [in Crminology] Mental processing that starts with 
general suppositions and evolves to specific details.  For instance, a 
hypothesis about the crime is imagined, and then tested mentally against 
the facts as established by evidence, in order to arrive at a conclusion.
Contrast: Inductive Reasoning

Deed: A written and signed document which sets out the things that have 
to be done or recognitions of the parties towards a certain object. 
Under older common law, a deed had to be sealed; that is, accompanied 
not only by a signature but with an impression on wax onto the document. 
The word deed is also most commonly used in the context of real estate 
because these transactions must usually be signed and in writing. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Defamation: An attack on the good reputation of a person, by slander
or libel. For example, Your Humble Webmaster was both 
slandered and libelled by two perpetrators named "Paul C. Turner" and 
"Ronald M. Jones" and I battled against them in court for almost 15 
years.  In Mystery fiction, the crime is usually theft, or kidnapping, or 
murder, or the like -- but Defamation can be extremely serious.
See: Self-defense

Defense: (noun)(1)The act of defending against attack, danger, or injury. 
(2) A means or method of defending or protecting. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]
See also: Burden of Going Forward

Defense Wounds: those wounds suffered by a victim while 
trying to protect themselves against an assault, usually inflicted by a 
blunt instrument or a knife, often on the hands or forearms.

Defendant: The person, company or organization who defends a legal 
action taken by a plaintiff and against whom the court has been 
asked to order damages or specific corrective action redress some 
type of unlawful or improper action alleged by the plaintiff. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Deism: see Enlightenment

Delay-in-Arraignment Rule: From a U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1943, the 
legal principle that failing to take a prisoner before a committing 
magistrate, without unnecessary delay, will render even a freely obtained 
confession inadmissible.

Demurrer: This is a motion put to a trial judge after the plaintiff has 
completed his or her case, in which the defendant, while not objecting 
to the facts presented, and rather than responding by a full defence, 
asks the court to reject the petition right then and there because of a 
lack of basis in law or insufficiency of the evidence... 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Dental Identification: Identifying a person by comparing dental records, 
or photographs of teeth-visible smiling, or bite-marks, to spot a match 
between before-death records and after-death findings, as done by a 
forensic dentist.

Dental Stone: criminalist's favorite material for making casts of 
footprints or tire tracks, because it sets faster than the traditional plaster 
of paris, and makes a higher resolution impression.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid: see DNA

Deposition: The official statement by a witness taken in writing 
(as opposed to testimony which where a witnesses give their perception 
of the facts verbally). Affidavits are the most common kind of depositions. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Depressants: Drugs which depress the central nervous 
system, thereby reducing tension, disinhibiting behavior, and inducing 
sleep.  These can result, after years of chronic use, in loss of balance, 
faulty judgment, and volatile temper.  Overdoses cause unconsciouness and death.
See Drugs; Date-rape Drugs

Description on the back cover: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
is the #1 most important selling point for readers when deciding what book 
to buy. See also: personal flip-through, word-of-mouth, author, price.

Detection Agencies:
See: Detective; Investigation Services

Detective: (noun) (1) A person, usually a member of a police force, 
who investigates crimes and obtains evidence or information. 
(adjective) (1) Of or relating to detectives or their work: detective novels. 
(2) Suited for or used in detection. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]
Detective: A sworn member of the Department responsible for the 
follow-up investigation of crime.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
also see: Bow Street Runners;
Romance Subgenres

Deus Ex Machina: Latin for "god from a machine."  Greek playwrights, 
including Euripdes, enjoyed ending dramas by having an actor dressed as a 
god lowered mechanically to the stage, and by divine intervention, 
resolving the problems of the characters.  Thus, today, we use the phrase 
to mean an improbale way of forcing the end to a story without properly 
working out the plot.  We see this in, for example, "Oliver Twist" by 
Dickens, and "Tess of the d'Ubervilles" by Hardy.  It was parodied by 
Brecht in the climax of "Threepenny Opera."  In a bad Mystery novel,
it happens if one character is suddenly revealed to be another, or someone 
gets a vast ingeritance, or a lost clue is suddenly found, or the 
Detecdtive announces that everything hinges on a fact which he trots out 
for the first time, or the like.

Dialogue: 
     "When is he going to write this definition?"
     "Later."
[Margery Allingham and Carl G. Hodges, "Dialogue", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Diary: we distinguish between
Autobiography (a biography written by the author about 
himself or herself), Memoir (where the emphasis is not on oneself, 
but on people met or events witnessed) or Diary (intended for private use).

Dicta or Dictum: (Latin) an observation by a judge on a matter not 
specifically before the court or not necessary in determining the issue 
before the court; a side opinion which does not form part of the judgment 
for the purposes of stare decisis. May also be called "obiter dictum." 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Didactic Literature: fiction intended to teach a practical or theoretical 
lesson or doctrine, usually for philosophical, religious, or moral 
purpose.  This is as opposed to mimetic literature, designed by 
imagination for its own purpose.
See also: Allegory; Propaganda

Digital Forensic Analysis: Acquiring, preserving, analyzing, and/or 
presenting evidentiary data germane to any investigation or prosecution.

Direct Evidence: Directly establishes the main facts at issue in a case.

Direct Examination: A witness in trial being questioned by 
whichever party (defense or prosecution) called that witness to testify.
Contrast: Cross-Examination

Disposition: [of an Incident Report] After an Incident Report is filed and 
approved, a determination is made on how the case will be handled, as made 
normally by the supervisor of the officer who wrote the report.  Options 
include:
(1) Unfounded;
(2) Inactivated;
(3) Retained for investigation by officers;
(4) Referred to plainclothes investigators.

Discovery: A pretrial procedure in which the prosecuting or defense 
attorney receives evidence in the possession of the other, including 
witness statements, police reports, scientific examinations, etc. 
Discovery permits the attorneys to prepare their cases and helps to 
ensure a fair trial. 

Dismissal: A decision by a judge to end the prosecution of a case without 
deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. 

Disorderly Conduct: An act which unreasonably alarms or disturbs 
another and provokes as breach of the peace.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Disposition: A final disposition is a legal action which takes place following 
an adult or juvenile felony arrest. Examples are dismissal, acquittal, or 
conviction. Examples of intermediate dispositions are suspended proceedings 
or the placement of a defendant in one or more programs. 
[California]

Dissertation: contrast Essay

Dissociation of Sensibility: a notion in literary criticism invented by 
T. S. Eliot in "The Metaphysical Poets" [1921].  {to be done}

Distance and Involvement: {to be done}

Divorced: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
10.7% of romance readers are divorced (7% in 1998).  
Contrast: married, single, 
widowed, separated.

DNA: Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. A chromosome molecule which 
carries genetic coding unique to each person with the only exception of 
identical twins (that is why it is also called "DNA fingerprinting"). 
Through laboratory process, DNA can be extracted from body tissue such 
a strand of hair, semen, blood and matched against DNA discovered at a 
crime scene or on a victim to scientifically implicate an accused. 
Can also be used to match DNA between parents in a paternity suit.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]  

DNA Profiling: also known as Genetic Fingerprinting: "The "matching" of 
or DNA Typing. DNA profiles between suspects, victims, evidence, and locations.

DNA/Serology: Serology is the study of body fluids: blood, saliva, semen, 
and urine. From biological evidence left at a crime scene, such as hair or 
semen, DNA analysis (or DNA typing) can be used to identify an individual. 
The most widely used methods of DNA typing are Restriction Fragment Length 
Polymorphism (RFLP) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
     The RFLP process is a long, labor intensive procedure that involves 
extracting DNA from the biological sample, fragmenting the DNA with special 
(restriction) enzymes and separating the molecular pieces by gel electrophoresis. 
     PCR is a technique by which a miniscule and/or degraded amount of DNA 
can be quickly amplified. This is beneficial in cases where only small 
quantities of evidence are discovered. 
[Office of the Attorney General, State of California, Dept. of Justice]

DNA Typing: The procedure for isolating and reading DNA for criminal 
identification.  
Synonyms: DNA Profiling; Genetic Fingerprinting

Doctrine: A rule or principle or the law established through the 
repeated application of legal precedents. 

Document: Anything on which a person can make a mark in 
order to transmit a message.

Documentary Evidence: Tangible writings, pictures and audible sounds. 

Documented Vessel: any boat registered by the U.S. Coast Guard.

Doggerel: crude, rough, heavy-footed, jerky, inept verse; or very 
sophisticated verse in that form for purpose of Burlesque.

Domestic Terrorism: Terrorism committed by citizens of the United States.  
That is, more generally, use or threat of violence against property or persons by
any individual or group whose operations are entirely within the nation of the 
victim(s), without directions from foreign power(s), and which are 
committed to advance a social or political goal.
See: International Terrorism

Domestic Violence: Violence within the family, or between husband and 
wife or partners.

Domicile: The permanent residence of a person; a place to which, 
even if he or she were temporary absent, they intend to return. 
In law, it is said that a person may have many residences but 
only one domicile. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]  

The Doomsday Mystery:
     "A geopolitical study of the way a protagonist copes with such 
world-destroyers as atom bombs, nerve gas, and mutant microbes."
     Considered a sub-type of the Novel of Pursuit by Boucher and Cassidy.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Doomsday Mystery Authors:
* Tom Ardies
* John Lange
* Robert Traver

Drama: {to be done}
See also: Act; Comedy; Tragedy

Dramatic Monologue: {to be done}

Dream Vision: {to be done}

Drug Enforcement Administration: A federal law enforcement agency which
investigates drug offenses; abbreviated DEA. It was created in 1973,
and goes beyond investigation to enforce laws about illicit drugs, to 
fight international drug traffic; and to train local and state police about 
illicit drugs and how to do relevant investigation, development of 
informants, and survellance.

Drug Identification/Toxicology: Toxicology is the study of substances that 
are harmful to humans. Toxicologists examine body fluids and organs for the 
presence of poisons, alcohol, and drugs. A toxicologist detects, identifies, 
and quantifies minute amounts of these substances for further evaluation.
[Office of the Attorney General, State of California, Dept. of Justice]

Drug Testing: Drug screening of employees to see if they are using drugs, 
or under the influence.

Drugs: see Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970
See: Amphetamines; Recreational Drug User;
Clandestine Drug Laboratory; Cocaine;
Ecstasy; Opiates; Psychedelics;
Stimulants; Depressants

Drugstores: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
are the sites where 2% of romance readers purchase books.

Duces Tecum: (Latin) "bring with you." Used most frequently for a species of 
subpoena (as in "subpoena duces tecum") which seeks not so much the appearance 
of a person before a court of law, but the surrender of a thing (eg. a document 
or some other evidence) by its holder, to the court, to serve as evidence in a 
trial. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Due Process: A term of US law which refers to fundamental procedural legal 
safeguards of which every citizen has an absolute right when a state or 
court purports to take a decision that could affect any right of that citizen. 
The most basic right protected under the due process doctrine is the right 
to be given notice, and an opportunity to be heard. The term is now also 
in use in other countries, again to refer to basic fundamental legal rights 
such as the right to be heard. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Due Process Revolution: Due process guaranteed to suspects and defendants 
pursuant to U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Mostly about the period 1961-1966, when 
those decisions changed the rules for search and seizure, and for legal 
representation.

Dumpster Diving: Searching through dumpsters (large refuse bins) for 
identification-related material.

E
Definitions: E

E-commerce: see software, internet bookstore.

Ecclesiastical Law: Synonymous to Canon Law: the body of church-made law 
which binds only those persons which recognize it, usually only church 
officers, and based on aged precepts of canon law.

Ecstasy: see Methylenedioxy Methamphetamine; Drugs

Editor: {to be done}
[Eleanor Sullivan, "How to Please an Editor", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Edwardian Period: the literary epoch after the death of 
Queen Victoria, yet before the start of World War I [1914], so named for 
the briefly reigning [1901-1910] King Edward VII. Top Edwardian novelists 
included Joseph Conrad, Ford Maddox Ford, Henry James, Galsworthy, Rudyard 
Kipling, and H. G. Wells.  Top Edwardian plawrights included James Barrie, 
John Galsworthy, George Bernard Shaw and others of the Celtic Renaissance.
Top Edwardian poets included Thomas Hardy, Rudyard Kipling, Alfred Noyes, 
and W. B. Yeats.
see: Periods of English Literature

Effective Fire Temperature: For structural fires, those identifiable 
temperatures which indicate those physical effects within specific ranges 
of temperature.
See: Arson

Einfuhlung: [German] "feeling into";
see "Empathy and Sympathy"

Elegy: (1) in Greek and Roman literature, any poem 
written in the "elegiac meter", alternating lines between hexamneter and 
pentameter. 
(2) in England, to the 17th Century, any poem of solemn meditation;
(3) in modern use, a formal poem of lamentation for a specific person;
contrast: Dirge (shorter, less formal, or intended as a song);
Threnody (modern use: synonym of dirge);
Monody (modern use: elegy or dirge to be spoken by, or 
reprsented as spoken by, a specific person);

Elizabethan Age:  While Queen Elizabeth reigned (1558-1603) England
expanded it commerce-based economy, its navy-based military power, and its 
nationalism.  England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.  At the same 
tine, literature reached a peak, especially in drama, thanks to
Bacon, Ben Jonson, Marlowe, Raleigh, Shakespeare, Spenser and their 
colleagues.

see Periods of English Literature

E-mail Intercept: Technique in Intelligence whereby e-mail is intercepted 
and analyzed to determine data about criminals, hackers, pornographers, or 
terrorists.  This requires a showing of reasonable cause, to get a warrant.

Emancipation: Term used to describe the act of freeing a person who was 
under the legal authority of another (such as a child before the age of 
majority) from that control (such as child reaching the age of majority). 
The term was also used when slavery was legal to describe a former slave 
that had bought or been given freedom from his or her master. 
When Abraham Lincoln outlawed slavery he did so in a law called the 
"emancipation proclamation". 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Embargo: This is an act of international military aggression where an 
order is made prohibiting ships or goods from leaving a certain port, 
city or territory and may be enforced by military threat of destroying 
any vehicle that attempts to break it or by trade penalties. The word 
has also come to refer to a legal prohibition of trade with a certain 
nation or a prohibition towards the use of goods or services produced 
by or within a certain nation. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Embezzle: The illegal transfer of money or property that, although 
possessed legally by the embezzler, is diverted to the embezzler 
personally by his or her fraudulent action. For example, an employee 
would embezzle money from the employer or a public officer could 
embezzle money received during the course of their public duties and 
secretly convert it to their personal use. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Emergency Communications: (verb) Sending a message when time is critical. 
The message may be transmitted via verbal (speech), electrical (radio, telephone,
... etc.) or mechanical means (hand signals, fist, baseball bat, pipe,
firearm, etc...). 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Emolument: A legal word which refers to all wages, benefits or other 
benefit received as compensation for holding some office or employment. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Emotional Approach: a technique in interrogation, particularly effective 
with first-time offenders and with women, where the interrogator appeals to 
the suspect's family pride, honor, morals, religion, and the like.

Empathy and Sympathy: 
(1) Empathy (and its German equivalent Einfuhlung) is identification with the 
object of a perception, vicariously participating in its feelings, motion, 
or posture; inner mimicry; 
(2) Sympathy is fellow-feeling, feeling along with the object of a perception,
especially for thoughts or emotions (or even those ascribed to an 
inanimate object).

Employee Polygraph Protection Act: Prohibits the use of polygraphs 
for private sector employment screening.  (Abbreviated EPPA).

Encryption: Methods of encoding information to prevent unauthorized use by others.
This approach to data security involves transforming the data into what 
looks like nonsense, storing or transmitting it, and allowing it to be 
reverse-transformed back into the original "plaintext" when needed by 
legitimate users.

Enderby Cases: In England, these two rape-murder cases first used DNA 
typing for criminal investigation, in 1987.  DNA samples from both victims 
led to the release of an innocent man, and to the arrest and conviction of 
the killer.

England: 
see: Periods of English Literature
see Romance Subgenres

Enhancement: Additional confinement time added to the base prison term, 
based on specific circumstances such as use of a gun or knife when 
committing a crime. 

Enlightenment: Western European intellectual movement in 
the 17th century, reaching a zenith in the 18th century.  The central idea 
was belief in reason for solving all problems, and using reason to replace 
barbarism, ignorance, and prejudice.  It also was an approach to 
undermining authority and tradition. The quintessential type of reason was 
Science.  This movement was spearheaded by Bacon, Descartes, Diderot, Godwin,
Kant, Leibnitz, Locke, Voltaire, and their colleagues.  In Christianity, it 
led to Deism; in Judaism, to Freethinkers.
see Periods of English Literature

Entrapment: The inducement, by law enforcement officers or their agents, 
of another person to commit a crime for the purposes of bringing 
charges for the commission of that artificially-provoked crime. 
This technique, because it involves abetting the commission of a crime, 
which is itself a crime, is severely curtailed under the constitutional 
law of many states.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
(2)  Inducing a individual to commit an uncontemplated crime.

Epic: (1) in formal critical use, an Epic Poem is synonymous 
with a Heroic Poem in these criteria:
   (a) Long;
   (b) Narrative;
   (c) Serious or great subject;
   (d) Elevated style;
   (e) centers on a heroic or nearly divine person;
   (f) tribe, nation, or human world hangs in the balance.
(2) Folk Epics, or Traditional Epics, or Primary Epics, sprung from oral 
traditions, history, legends, as with Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, or the 
Anglo-Saxon Beowulf.
(3) Literary Epics, or Secondary Epics were highly-crafted imitating Primary 
Epics, as with Vergil's Aeneid, Milton's Paradise Lost, Keats' Hyperion, 
Blake's Prophetic Books, or Tolkien's Lord of the Rings.
(4) By analogy, a prose work or film sharing many of these criteria.

Epigram: (1) the original Greek meaning was "an inscription";
(2) later, any very short poem, usually amorous, anecdotal, complimentary,
elegiac, meditative, or satiric, which is quite condensed and polished to 
a memorable point;
(3) since late 18th century, broadened to any prose or verse statemernt of 
Wit.

Epiphany: (1) [Greek] manifestation; (2) in Christianity, 
a manifestation of God's presence in the world; (3) in literature, since 
James Joyce's "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man", any secular 
experience of sudden revelation or radiance while observing a commonplace 
object or scene.

Epithalamion: [Greek] Epithalamion means literally "at the bridal 
chamber"; [Latin] spelled Epithalamium; verses to be sung outside the 
bedchamber of a newly married couple.  The first major English examples 
included Sir Philip Sydney's [1580], and Spenser's [for his own marriage].
Other notable examples by Auden, Donne, Herrick, Hoseman, Jonson, Suckling, Tennyson.

Epithet: [from Greek "epitheton" meaning "something added"];
In literary criticism, an adjective or adjectival phrase that pinpoints the 
special qualities of a specific person.
Homeric epithets include "fleet-footed Achilles", "wine-dark sea"; the 
latter parodied by James Joyce in Ulysses as "snot-green sea."
Contrast: invective (which confuses some people into thinking that all 
epithets are negative);

Espionage: Spying.
see: Industrial Espionage
see Romance Subgenres

Essay: Short prose composition intended for a general audience, 
discussing a specific matter, or to expain a point of view, or to persuade the 
reader to accept some thesis.
contrast: treatise or dissertation, which attempt to be complete, 
systematic, and addressed to a specialized audience.

Ethics: (noun) (1) The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with 
moral duty and obligation. 
(2) (a) a set of moral principles or values 
    (b) a theory or system of moral values 
    (c) the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group 
       (professional ethics) see Code of Ethics 
    (d) a guiding philosophy 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]
(3) The practical normative study of the rightness and wrongness of human conduct.

Eugene Vidocq: French criminal and informant who turned from the Dark Side 
to Law and Order, and then led the French Surete.

Euphemism: [Greek] to speak well; use of a polite phrase 
to substitute for a colloquial, direct, disagreeable, irreligious, offensive, or 
terrifying term, as with "to pass away" instead of "die", or "darn" instead 
of "damn", or "friend" instead of sex-partner.

Euphony and Cacophony: 
(1) Euphony is musical, pleasant, smooth language in terms of both subject 
and sound combinations;
(2) Cacophony is unmusical, unpleasant, rough, discordant language,
somtimes due to clumsiness of the writer.

Euphuism: elaborate formal English style of the 1580s. named for John 
Lyly's "Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit" [1578].

Evidence: Proof of fact(s) presented at a trial. The best and most common 
method is by oral testimony; where you have an eye-witness swear to tell 
the truth and to then relate to the court (or jury) their experience. 
Evidence is essential in convincing the judge or jury of your facts as the 
judge (or jury) is expected to start off with a blank slate; no preconceived 
idea or knowledge of the facts. So it is up to the opposing parties to 
prove (by providing evidence), to the satisfaction of the court (or jury), 
the facts needed to support their case. Besides oral testimony, an object 
can be deposited with the court (eg. a signed contract). This is sometimes 
called "real evidence." In other rarer cases, evidence can be circumstantial... 
Most legal cases are decided on the strict rule of law. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
Evidence: Oral statements, documents, sound and video recordings, 
and objects admissible in court. To be admissible, evidence must 
be material (it must go to a substantial issue in the case) and 
relevant (it must go to the truth or falsity of a matter asserted).
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
Evidence: "The means by which an alleged fact, the truth of which is submitted 
to scrutiny, proven or disproven." 
See also: Trace Evidence; Fingerprint; DNA/Serology;
     Drug Identification; Questioned Documents;
     Chain of Custody;
     Associative Evidence; Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical Inc;
     Direct Evidence; Opinion Evidence;
     Prima Facie Evidence; Real Evidence;
     Relevance; Strickler v. Greene;
     Burden of Going Forward; Cleared By Arrest; Corpus Delicti Evidence;
     Exchangeable Traces;
     
Evidence Recovery Log: Chronological record of every item of evidence, who 
collected it, where and when collected, witnessed by whom, and 
cross-referenced to any diagrams or photographs made.

Evidentiary Intelligence: precise facts and information that can be 
presented in court.

Evidentiary Privileges: Types of communications with 
defendants and witnesses which they have a right to bar from disclosure in 
court, types being:
(1) Professional Privileges;
(2) Political Privileges;
(3) Social Privileges;
(4) Judicial Privileges.

Examination-in-chief: The questioning of your own witness under oath. 
Witnesses are introduced to a trial by their examination-in-chief, which 
is when they answer questions asked by the lawyer representing the party 
which called them to the stand. After their examination-in-chief, 
the other party's lawyer can question them too; this is called 
cross-examination.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Exceptionally Cleared: An offense as classified by a factor outside the 
investigation, which results in no charges being filed against the suspect.

Exchangeable Traces: Used to help identify specific brands or use; 
chemicals added by a condom manufacturer such as lubricants, particulatees, 
spermacides.
Important type of trace evidence

Exculpate: Something that excuses or justifies a wrong action. 
See: Strickler v. Greene

Excusable Homicide: A classification of a killing of a person where the 
killer, although to some extent at fault, is not so at fault as to become 
a criminal homicide.

Executor: A person specifically appointed by a testator to administer the 
will ensuring that final wishes are respected (i.e. that the will is properly 
"executed"). An executor is a personal representative.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Exempt Staff: Senior-level executive staff who serve at the 
pleasure of the Superintendent of Police.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Exhibit: A document or object shown to the court as evidence in a trial. 
They are each given a number or letter by the court clerk as they are 
introduced for future reference during the trial. For example, weapon 
are frequently given as exhibits in criminal trials. Except with special 
permission of the court, exhibits are locked up in court custody until 
the trial is over. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Exotic Locations: see Romance Subgenres

Expert Witness: Because of special skills of experience, an Expert Witness 
is called to give testimony in court.  Such a person is allowed to 
interpret facts and render opinions about how and why those facts matter, 
in order to assist a jury in understanding some complicated or technical 
matter.

Explosimeter:  
Synonyms: Catalytic Combustion Detector; Combustible Gas Indicator; Sniffer; Vapor Detector
See also: Arson.

Explosion: a physical, chemical reaction characterizewd by:
(1) High-pressure gas;
(2) Rapid release of pressure;
(3) Change or damage to a confining container, structure, or vessel.
See: arson

Explosives Detection Canines: Dogs that can detect explosive residues by scent.
See: Accelerant Detection Canines; Cadaver Dogs

Expressionism: Artistic movement that started in Germany around 1900,
spearheaded by Swedish dramatist Strindberg [1849-1912], and reaching a 
zenith roughlyt 1915-1925.  It applied to literature, painting, music, and 
cinema.  It was a radical revolt against Realism. Its criteria include:
(a) expresses the world subjectively according to state of mind;
(b) abnormal, anxious, emotional, or troubled view-point character;
(c) may critique the chaotic techno-industrial modern age;
(d) dialogue is stylized;
(e) time-sequence is scrambled;
(f) characters may be masked;
(g) stage-sets, lighting, and sound may be very distorted.
Important examples in cinema include "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" [Austria, 1920];
or much later films by Antonioni, Bergman, Fellini; also led to Theatre of the Absurd.

Expunge: To physically erase; to white or strike out. To "expunge" something 
from a court record means to remove every reference to it from the court file. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Extortion: Forcing a person to give up property in a thing through the 
use of violence, fear or under pretense of authority. 

Extradition: The arrest and delivery of a fugitive wanted for a crime 
committed in another country, usually under the terms of a extradition treaty.
See: Fugitive 

Eyewitness Identification: Identfying something or someone involved in a 
crime, as reported by a witness who preceives the thing or person through 
one or several senses.

F
Definitions: F

F.C.R.A.: see Fair Credit Reporting Act

F.O.I.A.: see Freedom of Information Act

Fabliau: {to be done}

Facts: {to be done}
Contrast opinions;
see Expert Witness

Fair Credit Reporting Act: An act which regulates the use of credit reports used
in hiring decisions.  (Abbreviated FCRA).

Fancy and Imagination: {to be done}

Fantasy: see Romance Subgenres

Felony: An offense for which a sentence of death or a term of 
imprisonment for one year or more is provided.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
A serious crime for which the punishment is prison for more than a year or death.
Crimes of less gravity are called misdemeanours. This term is no longer used in 
England or other Commonwealth countries but remains a major distinction in the 
United States. Historically, in England, the term referred to crimes for which 
the punishment was the loss of land, life or a limb.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
See: Forcible Felony; Misdemeanor

Female: see woman.

Fiction: a book, or a story in a book or a periodical.
Contrast: nonfiction.

Figurative Language: {to be done}

Fingerprint: The three categories of fingerprints include: 
* latent
* plastic
* contaminated 
     Latent fingerprints are the invisible prints made by the deposit of oils 
or perspiration from the friction ridges of one's fingers onto another substance.
Plastic prints are those fingerprints impressed into easily malleable surfaces 
-- like plasticine or putty. Contaminated fingerprints are the result of material
transfers, such as liquid blood, from the fingers to a surface.
See: Genetic Fingerprint; IAFIS; Basic Yellow 40
United States v. Byron C. Mitchell; Will West Case
Dactylography

Fingerprint Services
See: Investigation Services

Firearm: (noun) A weapon, especially a pistol or rifle, capable of firing 
a projectile and using an explosive charge as a propellant. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]
FIREARM: Any pistol or revolver, commonly referred to as a handgun, capable of 
being concealed on the person, constructed or arranged so as to be capable of 
being loaded with gun powder or other explosive substances, cartridges, shots,
slugs or balls and being exploded, fired or discharged.
[http://www.ci.lenexa.ks.us/codemaster/Title_2/9/D/1.html]
See also: Bore; Bullet; Caliber

Firearms/Toolmarks Identification: The basic principle of firearms examination 
is based on the fact that most machined parts will have unique marks, which can 
be transfered to other surfaces. Almost all gun barrels, as well as the machined 
areas in the weapon's firing mechanism, leave unique marks on bullets fired 
through the barrel and on cartridge cases worked through the firearm. A firearms 
examiner deals with the analysis of both firearms and ammunition of all types. 
The Firearms Examiner also determines whether a bullet originated from a suspect 
firearm. Impacted items which were on the receiving end of a discharged bullet 
are also examined for discharge residues in an attempt to ascertain muzzle 
distance. 
     As each machined gun barrel is unique, so too are all machined tools. 
These tools leave distinct marks on most objects they contact. A toolmark 
is any machined impression transfer caused by the tool coming into contact 
with an object. A toolmark examiner compares toolmarks in order to determine 
what type of tool, or what exact tool, was used to make a specific mark. 
[Office of the Attorney General, State of California, Dept. of Justice]

First Edition / First Printing: ÊA frequently-confused distinction. Strictly 
speaking, all copies of a book are First Editions until the text is somehow 
altered from that of the first copies printed for sale. The alteration of text, 
resulting in second, or revised, editions occurs mostly in non-fiction. In works 
of fiction, the first edition is often the only one which ever exists; later 
copies will be printed without altering the text, and these will still 
technically be First Editions, though not First Printings. Only the original 
copies are First Printings, and these, of course, are what collectors want. 
Most dealers and collectors understand this distinction, but many glibly say 
"First Edition" when they mean "First Printing," often adding to the
confusion by referring simply to "Firsts." Visually identifying a First Printing,
or even a First Edition, is often difficult, as publishers use a variety of 
means to clarify Ð- or obfuscate Ð- the situation. [A handy reference book is 
A Pocket Guide to the Identification of First Editions, compiled by Bill McBride,
6th Ed., $13.95]
(First Printing usually refers to a hardcover, but can apply to a paperback original Ð see below.
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]

First Officer: The first police officer responding to a crime scene.

Flash Message: An informal broadcast message transmitted via police radios, 
sent by an officer at the scene of a crime/incident, to alert other officers 
in the vicinity. It is not a distress call. Example: following a hit-and-run 
traffic accident, the first officer at the scene may send out a flash message 
regarding the offender's vehicle, description, and direction of flight. 
Other officers in the area can watch for the offender.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Flip-through: see Personal flip-through.

Folklore: {to be done}

Follow-up Investigation: An investigation involving all aspect of the 
investigative process.
see: Latent Investigation

Follow-up Report: A report used to report additional investigative activities. 

For Hire: Includes all compensation paid directly or indirectly.
[http://www.ci.lenexa.ks.us/codemaster/Title_2/9/D/1.html]
(as in "This Gun For Hire")

Force Majeure: French for an Act of God; an inevitable, unpredictable act 
of nature, not dependent on an act of man. Used in insurance contracts to 
refer to acts of nature such as earthquakes or lightning. 

Forcible Felony: Treason and any felony which involves the use or threat 
of physical force or violence against a person. If a felony is classified 
as forcible, it may have significance for other aspects of the criminal law. 
Examples: a homicide committed in the course of another forcible felony is 
classified as first-degree murder. On the other hand, a homicide may be 
justified if committed to prevent a forcible felony.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Forensic Death Investigation: The investigation of questionable deaths.

Forensic Photogrammetry: 3-D measurements of the real world directly from
photographs for use in courts of law.

Forensic Pathology:  branch of medicine that applies the principles and knowledge
of the medical and related sciences to problems that concern the general public 
and issues of the law. A forensic pathologist is a physician with specialized 
medical and forensic science training and knowledge. In practice, forensic 
pathologists concentrate closely on the understanding of types and causation of 
injuries and causes of sudden and unnatural death. The American Board of 
Pathology was established in 1936 and recognized forensic pathology as a formal 
sub-specialty in 1958. Forensic pathologists are commonly involved in death scene
investigations, the performance of forensic autopsies (forensic autopsies have a 
different focus than that of hospital autopsies conducted in cases of natural 
death), review of medical records, interpretation of toxicology and other 
laboratory studies, certification of sudden and unnatural deaths, and court 
testimony in criminal and civil law proceedings. 

Forensic Psychophysiology: Recording stress in deception with a polygraph device. 

Forensic Science: A multitude of scientific disciplines used to answer 
scientific questions in court.
Forensic Science: includes:
* Ballistics
* Criminalistics
* DNA Analysis
* Documents -- see Questionable Documents
* Drug Chemistry -- see Drug Identification
* Forensic Pathology
* Serology
* Ultraviolet Forensic Imaging
* more {to be done}

Form and Structure: {to be done}

Format of a Book: {to be done}

Formulaic Fiction: see Popular Literature

Fraud: Deceitful conduct designed to manipulate another person to give 
something of value by (1) lying, (2) by repeating something that is or 
ought to have been known by the fraudulent party as false or suspect or 
(3) by concealing a fact from the other party which may have saved that 
party from being cheated. The existence of fraud will cause a court to 
void a contract and can give rise to criminal liability. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
See: Certified Fraud Examiner; Check Fraud;
Component Swapping; Con Men; Credit Card Fraud

Free Verse: {to be done}

Freedom of Information Act: An Act recognizing the public's "right to know"
information. Abbreviated F.O.I.A.

Freethinkers: see Enlightenment

French Method of Detective Work: Various clandestine methods against political 
and criminal suspects by using informers.

Frisk: see Stop and Frisk

Frye v. United States: The U.S. Supreme Court Decision regarding scientific 
procdures needing to be accepted within the scientific community to be 
relevant to a trial.

Fugitive: One who runs away to avoid arrest, prosecution or imprisonment. 
Many extradition laws also call the suspect a "fugitive" although, in that 
context, it does not necessarily mean that the suspect was trying to hide 
in the country from which extradition is being sought. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Futuristic: see Romance Subgenres

G
Definitions: G

GHB: see Date-rape Drugs

G.P.S.: see Global Positioning System
 
Galley: see Advance Reading Copy (ARC)

Garnishment: The seizing of a person's property, credit or salary, on the 
basis of a law which allows it, and for the purposes of paying off a debt. 
The person who possesses the assets of the debtor and is the subject of 
the seizure is called a "garnishee". This is frequently used in the 
enforcement of child support where delinquent debtors will be subjected 
to salary garnishment. A percentages of their wages is subtracted directly 
off their pay-check and directed to the person in need of support (the
employer being the garnishee). 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Gavel: A wooden mallet used by a judge to bring proceedings to a start 
or to an end or to command attention in his or her court. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Genetic Fingerprinting: also known as DNA Profiling: "The "matching" of 
DNA profiles between suspects, victims, evidence, and locations.

Genre: see Romance Subgenres

Georgian: see Periods of English Literature

Genre Literature: see Popular Literature.

Global Positioning System: A satellite system used to locate any position on the 
map by directly providing a person with their latitude and longitude.  
Abbreviated GPS.

Golden Age of Mystery: These are classic whodunits, usually cozies.
[formerly on now-abandoned site 
     http://staff.queens.lib.ny.us/central/my_html/Mystery.htm]
* Josephine Tey (Inspector Alan Grant)
* Margery Allingham (Albert Campion)
* Agatha Christie (Jane Marple, Hercule Poirot)
* Dorothy Sayers (Lord Peter Wimsey)
* Ngaio Marsh (Inspector Roderick Alleyn)

Gothic Novel: {to be done}
[Phyllis A. Whitney, "What Do You Mean. Gothic?", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Grand Jury: A panel of registered voters which considers charges a 
prosecutor has filed against an accused, and/or investigates criminal 
activity on its own direction. The use of the grand jury varies 
throughout the country. In some states, it is mandatory for all 
felony charges. In others, there is no grand jury system at all. 
Illinois has a grand jury system, but its use in a particular case 
is a matter of prosecutorial discretion.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
An American criminal justice procedure whereby, in each court district, 
a group of 16-23 citizens hold an inquiry on criminal complaints brought 
by the prosecutor and decide if a trial is warranted, in which case an 
indictment is issued. If a Grand Jury rejects a proposed indictment it
is known as a "no bill"; if they accept to endorse a proposed indictment 
it is known as a "true bill". 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Graveyard Poets: {to be done}

Great Chain of Being: {to be done}

Grocery stores: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
are the sites where 18% of romance readers purchase 
books. Many also buy food, beverages, and other retail items there.

Gross Negligence: Any action or an omission in reckless disregard of the 
consequences to the safety or property of another. Sometimes referred to as 
"very great negligence" and it is more then just neglect of ordinary care 
towards others or just inadvertence. Also known as the Latin term culpa lata. 

Guillotine: A device developed in France to inflict the death penalty 
through decapitation by the dropping of a weighted and sharp metal blade 
onto the restrained neck of a convict. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Guilty: see Verdict

Gun: see Firearm; Handgun;
Bore; Caliber.

Gun Control: (verb) Being able to hit your target! 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

H
Definitions: H

Habeas Corpus: (Latin) a court petition which orders that a person being 
detained be produced before a judge for a hearing to decide whether the 
detention is lawful. Habeas corpus was one of the concessions the British 
Monarch made in the Magna Carta and has stood as a basic individual right
against arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Habitual Offender: A person who is convicted and sentenced for crimes over 
a period of time and even after serving sentences of incarceration, such as
demonstrates a propensity towards criminal conduct. Reformation techniques 
fail to alter the behaviour of the habitual offender. Many countries now 
have special laws that require the long-term incarceration, without parole, 
of habitual offenders as a means of protecting society in the face of an 
individual that appears unable to comply with the law. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Handgun: (noun) "Any firearm designed to be fired with one hand. 
Term also used as a rallying point for all liberal pinko commie radicals 
that wish to deprive United States citizens of their 2nd amendment rights." 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Handsomeness: The hero or the villain may be handsome,
so looks do not necessarily reveal anything useful about the character;
the may be misleading.  Contrast this to another genre: Handsomeness is
#1 of the top 3 character traits that romance readers like 
to see in the heroes about whom they read (in 1998, was #2 in 2002),
according to Romance Writers of America statistics.
See also: intelligence, beauty, 
Muscle Bound, kindness, Strength of Character, 
and attractiveness.

The Hard-boiled Mystery: "Occasionally a puzzle, usually a whodunnit, but 
primarily an adventure story of the violent exploits of a vigorous 
super-hero, generally a private detective. [Boucher listed several authors] 
Boucher noted that he hard puposely left out Dashiell Hammett, who stood 
alone in his craft. More than two decades have treated the 'hard-boiled' 
novel rather unkindly.  The tough, disillusioned hero found just as much 
to be disillusioned about after World War II as he did in the [1930s].
It now features a detective, insurance investigator, skip-tracer, or 
whatever as the protagonist, and tends to use harsher, tougher prose than 
the ordinary private eye novel."
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Hard-boiled Mystery Authors:
* Raymond Chandler
* Michael Collins
* Joe Gores
* Brett Halliday
* John D. MacDonald
* Ross Macdonald
* Mickey Spillane
* Ross Thomas
Hard Boiled: The opposite of cozies, these are gritty "noir" novels
involving grim details and tough, hard-bitten detectives.  
* Dashiell Hammett (Continental Op, Sam Spade)
* Raymond Chandler (Philip Marlowe)
* Bill Pronzini (Nameless Detective)
* Mickey Spillane (Mike Hammer).
[formerly on now-abandoned site 
     http://staff.queens.lib.ny.us/central/my_html/Mystery.htm]
Hard-boiled: ÊMurder taken out of the drawing room and into the streets. Realism.
Chandler wrote about authors who "gave murder back to the kind of people that 
commit it for reason, not just to provide a corpse."  "Generally, but not always,
featuring a private detective; usually, but not always, pervaded by pessimism. 
The humor, if any, will be dark. Lawrence BlockÕs Matt Scudder novels are 
excellent examples. This style has been made into movies for decades 
(The Big Sleep, The Maltese Falcon, Out of the Past) and can also be 
characterized by the same term, noir. Like crime novels, 
hardboiled stories  tend to be urban.
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]

Hardcover: {to be done}. Contrast: paperback.

Harassment: Unsolicited words or conduct which tend to annoy, alarm or abuse 
another person. An excellent alternate definition can be found in Canadian 
human rights legislation as: "a course of vexatious comment or conduct that 
is known or ought reasonably to be known to be unwelcome." Name-calling 
("stupid", "retard" or "dummy") is a common form of harassment.  
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
See also: Sexual Harassment

Hearsay: Any evidence that is offered by a witness of which they do not have 
direct knowledge but, rather, their testimony is based on what others have 
said to them. For example, if Bob heard from Susan about an accident that 
Susan witnessed but that Bob had not, and Bob attempted to repeat Susan's 
story in court, it could be objected to as "hearsay." The basic rule, when 
testifying in court, is that you can only provide information of which you 
have direct knowledge. In other words, hearsay evidence is not allowed. 
Hearsay evidence is also referred to as "second-hand evidence" or as "rumor." 
You are able to tell a court what you heard, to repeat the rumor, and testify 
that, in fact, the story you heard was told to you, but under the hearsay 
rule, your testimony would not be evidence of the actual facts of the story 
but only that you heard those words spoken. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Heart: the human organ capable of being broken, or the basis of love.  
See: lips.

Help, or recommendation from bookstore staff: 
according to Romance Writers of America statistics,
this is the #4 most important shopping factor for romance readers, in order of 
importance. Contrast: selection of books, price, convenience.

Henry Fielding: 18th century novelist who laid the foundation for the 
first modern police force.
See: Bow Street Runners

Historical: see Romance Subgenres

Hero: the leading man character in a romance.  Contrast: Heroine.

Heroic: {to be done}

Heroic Couplet: {to be done}

Heroic Drama: {to be done}

Heroin: {to be done}
see Opiate; Codeine; Morphine

Heroine: the leading woman character in a romance.  Contrast: Hero.

Holding Order: A decision by a judge ordering one or more persons to stand 
trial after a preliminary hearing. A holding order is based on findings that 
one or more crimes have been committed and that there is sufficient cause to 
believe that one or more persons identified at the preliminary hearing 
committed the crime(s). 

HOLMES: Acronym for Home Office Large Major Enquiry System.

Home Security Surveys: Methodologies to determine the security features of a home 
or business

Homicide: The unlawful killing of a human being. Includes both 
murder and manslaughter.
[Thomas M. McDade, "Homicide and Other Investigations", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
The word includes all occasions where one human being, by act or omission, 
takes away the life of another. Murder and manslaughter are different kinds 
of homicides. Executing a death-row inmate is another form of homicide, 
but one which is excusable in the eyes of the law. Another excusable homicide 
is where a law enforcement officer shoots and kills a suspect who draws a 
weapon or shoots at that officer.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
See: Excusable Homicide; Justifiable Homicide; 
Kill; Murder

Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment: A workplace which promotes or tolerates
sexual harassment.

Hostile Witness: During an examination-in-chief, a lawyer is not allowed 
to ask leading questions of their own witness. But, if that witness openly 
shows hostility against the interests (or the person) that the lawyer 
represents, the lawyer may ask the court to declare the witness "hostile", 
after which, as an exception of the examination-in-chief rules, the lawyer 
may ask their own witness leading questions.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Humanism: {to be done}

Humor: see Wit

Hung Jury: A jury is required to make a unanimous or near unanimous verdict. 
When the jurors, after full debate and discussion, are unable to agree
on a verdict and are deadlocked with differences of opinion that appear to 
be irreconcilable, it is said to be a "hung jury". The result is a mistrial. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Husband: the primary goal for the heroine in most romances.  Unless she 
starts out married to the wrong one.  Then a husband 2.0 model is to be 
substituted.  See: divorce.

Hyperbole and Understatement: {to be done}

I
Definitions: I

I.R. Number: Abbreviation for Individual Record Number. The number assigned 
to an individual upon his or her arrest. This number is used in any subsequent 
arrests of the same individual.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

IAFIS: Acronym for Intergrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System.

ICAM: Acronym for Information Collection for Automated Mapping. 
An award-winning computer program developed by the 
Chicago Police Department, which allows officers to do their own 
crime mapping and analysis. Maps generated by ICAM are also shared 
with the community at beat community meetings.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Ice: (1) slang for diamonds;
(2) Crystallized Methamphetamine

Ideas: {to be done}
["Where Do You Get Your Ideas?", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Identify Theft: The criminal act of assuming another person's full identity.

Imagery: {to be done}

Imagism: {to be done}

Imitation: {to be done}

Immunity: An exemption that a person (individual or corporate) enjoys from the 
normal operation of the law such as a legal duty or liability, either criminal 
or civil. For example, diplomats enjoy "diplomatic immunity" which means that 
they cannot be prosecuted for crimes committed during their tenure as diplomat. 
Another example of an immunity is where a witness agrees to testify only if the
testimony cannot be used at some later date during a hearing against the witness. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Incident Report: A report used to report a particular incident, especially 
one associated with a crime.

Incorporeal: Legal rights which are intangible (i.e., as copyrights, patents...) 
See: Intellectual Property Rights

Indeterminate Sentence: Sentences that are not fixed and may be imposed for 
severe felony crimes, such as murder. examples of these sentences may be 
fifteen to life or twenty-five to life. Actual release dates are set by the 
Board of Prison Terms after a parole hearing. [California]

Indictment: An accusatory document presented by a grand jury 
to the court, charging a named individual with a crime.

Industrial Espionage: The covert collection of industrial secrets or processes.
The legal relative of this is called Competitor Analysis.

Infanticide: Murder of an infant soon after its birth. 

Infiltration: Gaining entry into criminal organizations.

Informant: A person who provides law enforcement with information in return for
money or other motivations. 
See: Pretexting

Information: An accusatory document filed in court by a prosecutor, 
without indictment, charging a named individual with a crime. 
The term derives from the prosecutor's statement that he makes his 
charges based on his "information and belief" rather than firsthand
knowledge.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Information Brokers: Persons or organizations that provide detective databases.

Injunction: A court order that prohibits a party from doing something 
(restrictive injunction) or compels them to do something (mandatory injunction). 

Incendiary Material: Items used to produce fire, matches, candles, chemical, 
gases.
See: Arson; Accelerant

Inspirational: see Romance Subgenres

Insurance Fraud: Investigations involving fraud of healthcare, insurance, workers
compensation and others.

Insurance Investigator: One who pursues Insurance Fraud.

Integrity Shoppers: Investigators who test the integrity of retail personnel.

Intellectual Property Rights: Protective trademarks, patents, or copyrights.
See: Incorporeal

Intelligence: #1 of the top 3 character traits that romance readers like 
to see in the heroine about whom they read (in 2002 and in 1998),
according to Romance Writers of America statistics.
It is  #3 of the top 3 character traits that romance readers like 
to see in the heroes about whom they read (in 2002 and in 1998).
See also: attractiveness, beauty, handsomeness, kindness, muscle bound, 
and strength of character.

Intelligence: [in the sense of surveillance]
see: E-mail Intercept; Evidentiary Intelligence

Intentional Fallacy: {to be done}

Interdiction: The interception and seizure of illegal things such as 
contraband or drugs.

Interloper: A person who, without legal right, runs a business (e.g. without 
mandatory licenses), or who wrongfully interferes or intercepts another's 
business. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

International Law: A combination of treaties and customs which regulates the 
conduct of states amongst themselves. The highest judicial authority of 
international law is the International Court of Justice and the administrative 
authority is the United Nations. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

International Terrorism: Terrorism on an international level.
See: Domestic Terrorism

Internet Book Stores: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
are the way that 9% of romance readers purchase books.
Amazon is the biggest Internet Book Stores, followed by #2 Barnes & Noble.
See: e-commerce.

Internet Fraud Complaint Center: A location where fraud complaints can be lodged. 

Interrogation: An adversarial interview with opposing goals, the truth versus
deception.
See: Emotional Approach

Interview: A amicable interview with common goals.
(contrast Interrogation)

Intimidation: To threaten another in order to influence his behavior. 
The threat may include physical harm, restraint, confinement, or 
accusations of crime (even if true).
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Investigare: (Latin) "to search into."

Investigate: (verb transitive) To observe or inquire into in detail; 
examine systematically. 
(verb intransitive) To make a detailed inquiry or systematic examination.
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Investigation Services: This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in 
providing investigation and detective services.
Official U.S. Census NAICS (North American Industry Classication System) categories:

Detective agencies
Fingerprint services
Investigation services (except credit), private
Investigators, private
Lie detection services
Missing person tracing services
Polygraph services
Private detective services
Private investigation services (except credit)
Skip tracing services


Investigator: (noun) One, especially a detective, who investigates. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]
See: P.I.

Irony: {to be done}

Islamic Law: The law according to the Muslim faith and as interpreted from the 
Koran. Islamic law is probably best known for deterrent punishment, which is the 
basis of the Islamic criminal system and the fact that there is no separation of
church and state. Under Islamic law, the religion of Islam and the government 
are one. Islamic law is controlled, ruled and regulated by the Islamic religion.
Islamic law purports to regulate all public and private behavior including 
personal hygiene, diet, sexual conduct, and child rearing. Islamic law now 
prevails in countries all over the middle east and elsewhere covering twenty per 
cent of the world's population. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
See: International Law; Tazirat Crimes

J
Definitions: J

J.D.: Abbreviation for "juris doctor" or "doctor of jurisprudence" and the 
formal name given to the university law degree in the United States. It is a 
prerequisite to most bar admission exams. 

J. Edgar Hoover: Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 
[1924 to 1972]

J.P.: (1) Justice of the Peace; (2) Junior Partner; (3) (humor) based on 
previous: Husband.

Jacobean Age: see Periods of English Literature

Jammer: (noun) A device that produces noise in microphones and 
pickup devices to make conversations unintelligible. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Alec Jeffreys: This biologist was the first person to use DNA in a 
criminal case in order to identify a suspect.

Jewelry: gold, silver, gems, rings, necklaces, and the like -- which a man 
inevitably gives a woman in a romance.  
See: Kiss.

Joint Terrorism Task Force concept: The combination of resources of various 
federal agencies.

Joseph D. Pistone: An FBI Special Agent known for his undercover work.

Judicial Notice: Facts which do not need to be proven, facts accepted 
by the judge.

Judicial Review: When a court decision is appealed, it is known as an "appeal." 
But there are many administrative agencies or tribunals which make decisions 
or deliver government services of one sort or another, the decisions of which 
can also be "appealed." In many cases, the "appeal" from administrative agencies 
is known as "judicial review" which is essentially a process where a court
of law is asked to rule on the appropriateness of the administrative agency 
or tribunal's decision. Judicial review is a fundamental principle of 
administrative law. A distinctive feature of judicial review is that the "appeal"
is not usually limited to errors in law but may be based on alleged
errors on the part of the administrative agency on findings of fact. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
See: Appeal

Jugular: {to be done}

Jurisdiction: Refers to a court's authority to judge over a situation usually 
acquired in one of three ways: over acts committed in a defined territory 
(e.g. the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Australia is limited to acts 
committed or originating in Australia), over certain types of cases (the 
jurisdiction of a bankruptcy court is limited to bankruptcy cases), or over 
certain persons (a military court has jurisdiction limited to actions of 
enlisted personnel). 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Jurisprudence: Technically, jurisprudence means the "science of law". 
Statutes articulate the bland rules of law, with only rare reference to 
factual situations. The actual application of these statutes to facts is left
to judges who consider not only the statute but also other legal rules which 
might be relevant to arrive at a judicial decision; hence, the "science". 
Thus, jurisprudence" has come to refer to case law, or the legal decisions 
which have developed and which accompany statutes in applying the
law against situations of fact.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Jury: A group of citizens randomly selected from the general population and 
brought together to assist justice by deciding which version, in their opinion, 
constitutes "the truth" given different evidence by opposing parties.  
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
See: Sequestered Jury; Peremptory Challenge

Justice: (1) Fairness. A state of affairs in which conduct or action is both fair
and right, given the circumstances. 
(2) In law, it more specifically refers to the paramount obligation to ensure 
that all persons are treated fairly. Litigants "seek justice" by asking for 
compensation for wrongs committed against them; to right the inequity such 
that, with the compensation, a wrong has been righted and the balance of "good" 
or "virtue" over "wrong" or "evil" has been corrected.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
(3) A title for certain judges, as in "Justice of the Court of Appeal;
Supreme Court Justice; Chief Justice 

Justifiable Homicide : A homicide based on the perpetrator's reasonable belief 
that he had no alternative but to use deadly or substantial force to protect 
himself from immanent death or great bodily harm, or to prevent a forcible felony.
See: Homicide

Juvenile: A person under 17 years of age, also referred to as a youth. 
Also see Minor; Tender Age Youth
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

K
Definitions: K

Kidnapping: The detention and taking of a person against his or her will.

Kill: {to be done}
see: Homicide; Murder

Killer: {to be done}

Kin: A blood or marriage relative; "next of kin" means the closest relative.

Kindness: #2 of the top 3 character traits that romance readers like 
to see in the heroes about whom they read (in 1998),
according to Romance Writers of America statistics.
See also: intelligence, beauty, 
Muscle Bound, Handsomeness, Strength of Character, 
and attractiveness.

Kiss: something that men give to women, or vice versa, often indicating 
love, but less immediately expensive than jewelry.
See: lips.

Knock Off Goods: also called Copycat Goods, Counterfeited products.

L
Definitions: L

L.K.A.: Abbreviation for "last known address."
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Lai: {to be done}

Larceny: An old English criminal and common law offence covering the unlawful 
or fraudulent removal of another's property without the owner's consent. 
The offence of theft now covers most cases of larceny. But larceny is wider 
than theft as it includes the taking of property of another person by
whatever means (by theft, overtly , by fraud, by trickery, etc.) if an intent 
exists to convert that property to one's own use against the wishes of the owner.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
See: Property Crime

Latent Fingerprint: see Fingerprint 
See also: Basic Yellow 40; Crystal Violet,D.F.O.

Latent Investigation: An investigation involving all aspect of the investigative 
process.
see: Follow-up Investigation 

Law: All the rules of conduct that have been approved by the government 
and which are in force over a certain territory and which must be obeyed by all 
persons on that territory (eg. the "laws" of Australia). Violation of these rules
could lead to government action such as imprisonment or fine, or private action 
such as a legal judgement against the offender obtained by the person injured by
the action prohibited by law. Synonymous to act or statute although in common 
usage, "law" refers not only to legislation or statutes but also to the body of 
unwritten law in those states which recognize common law. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
see Case Law, Canon Law, Civil Law, Common Law; Criminal Law;
International Law; Islamic Law; Natural Law;
Penal Law; Procedural Law; Statutory Law; Substantive Criminal Law

Law Enforcement Incident: (noun) An incident, caused by intentional acts, 
that results in the intensive response by community law enforcement agencies 
and that has produced, or can be expected to produce, large numbers of
casualties, evacuation of affected individuals, and/or substantial human 
needs that may be ameliorated by the timely application of human and/or 
material resources. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Law Suit: see Action; Litigation

Lawyer: A person that has been trained in the law and that has been certified 
to give legal advice or to represent others in litigation. Also known as a 
"barrister & solictor" [British] or an attorney. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Lead Investigator: also known as Primary Investigator or Case Investigator;
The criminal investigator responsible for the proper investigation of the 
crime scene.

Leading Question: A question which suggests an answer; usually answerable by 
"yes" or "no". For example: "Did you see David at 3 p.m.?" These are forbidden 
to ensure that the witness is not coached by their lawyer through his or her 
testimony. The proper form would be: "At what time did you see David?" Leading 
questions are only acceptable in cross-examination or where a witness is
declared hostile. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Leads: Clues or pieces of information that aid in the progress of 
an investigation.

Legal Thriller: see Romance Subgenres

Legislation: Written and approved laws. Also known as "statutes" or "acts." 
In constitutional law, one would talk of the "power to legislate" or the 
"legislative arm of government" referring to the power of political bodies 
(eg: house of assembly, Congress, Parliament) to write the laws of the land.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]  

Libel: The form of defamation by writing such as in a newspaper, magazine,
book, or a letter. 

License: A special permission to do something on, or with, somebody else's 
property which, were it not for the license, could be legally prevented or 
give rise to legal action in tort or trespass. A common example is allowing 
a person to walk across your lawn which, if it were not for the license, 
would constitute trespass. Licenses are revocable at will (unless supported 
by a contract) and, as such, differs from an easement (the latter conveying 
a legal interest in the land). Licenses which are not based on a contract 
and which are fully revocable are called "simple" or "bare" licenses. 
A common example is the shopping mall to which access by the public is on 
the basis of an implied license. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Lie Detection Services
See: Lie Detector; Investigation Services

Lie Detector: see Polygraph; Lie Detection Services

Light Verse: {to be done}

Lips: human organs used to whistle, to sip, or to kiss.
See: heart.

Literature of the Absurd: {to be done}

Literature of Sensibility: {to be done}

Literary: see Romance Subgenres

Litigation: A dispute is in "litigation" ( or being "litigated") when it has 
become the subject of a formal court action or law suit. 

Livestock: see Brands

Local Color: {to be done}

Lockup: A temporary detention facility. While in lockup, the prisoner 
is photographed and fingerprinted. Each Chicago district station has a 
male lockup, while each district headquarters has both a male and 
female lockup.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Loose Tail: Following a person, must be undetected, 
not a constant surveillance.
See: Tight Tail; Rough Tail

Love: the single most important word in romance. I can't 
possibly define it to you better than your favorite books -- or favorite 
people.

Lyric: {to be done}

M
Definitions: M

M.C.I.: Abbreviation for Managing Criminal Investigations 

MDTs: Abbreviation for Mobile Data Terminals

M.O.: Abbreviation for "modus operandi," Latin for method of operation. 
The pattern of behavior which is typical of how a particular offender 
commits a specific type of crime. Example: An offender who always wears 
dark glasses in the commission of a bank robbery.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Magazines: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
such merchandise is purchased by 40% of romance readers when they're in a 
bookstore buying romance fiction. Also 
called periodicals.

Mail Cover: (noun) Interception of mail by the Post Office by a 
governmental agency. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Mail Drop: A method used to leave information for other investigators.
Or, for that matter, for a spy to leave for another spy.

Mail Ordering: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
is the way that 3% of romance readers purchase books.

Mainstream: see Romance Subgenres

Mall bookstores: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
are the sites where 33% of romance readers purchase books.

The Man-on-the-run Mystery:
     "The reactions of a man suddenly thrust into an international 
situation, with or without social and/or political overtones, in which the 
suspense is based on the question What is happening, and how the hell do I 
get out of it?"
     Considered a sub-type of the Novel of Pursuit by Boucher and Cassidy.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Man-on-the-run Mystery Authors:
* Eric Ambler
* Frederick Forsythe
* Geoffrey Household
* Alistair Maclean

Managing Criminal Investigations: Places an investigator's time and effort into
important solvable cases. Abbreviated MCI.

Manslaughter: The unintentional killing of another through a reckless act. 
Illinois recognizes only an involuntary killing as manslaughter. If the act 
causing death is voluntary, the Illinois Criminal Code classifies the offense 
as either first or second degree murder.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
See: homicide

Married: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
49.5% of romance readers are married (56% in 1998).  
Contrast: single, divorced, widowed.
See also: wedding.

Masque: {to be done}

Mass-market: see Paperback Original

Mass merchandisers: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
are the sites such as Target or Walmart where 20% of romance readers purchase books.

Materiality: The significance and importance of evidence to the 
outcome of the case.

The Mechanistic Mystery:
     "A novel stressing the mechanics and techniques of a larger-than-life 
endeavor in the business and/or political world, with method and technology 
overshadowing the people.  This is the macrocosm of the same world the 
socio-political mystery views in microcosm."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Mechanistic Mystery Authors:
* Michael Crichton
* Paul E. Erdman
* Frederick Forsythe

Medical Examiner: The concept of the Medical Examiner developed in 1877 in the 
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The public was dissatisfied with layman
Coroners and the system changed to one of appointed physicians. One medical 
doctor was appointed to each district (similar to a county jurisdiction) to be 
the public official responsible for the investigation of sudden and unnatural 
death. Medical examinations were a part of the investigation and the term 
"Medical Examiner" has been in use since. The Medical Examiner concept is used 
in many states. All are appointed, not elected positions, and all Medical 
Examiners are physicians, but not necessarily trained in forensic pathology. 
The modern medical examiner system developed in 1915 in New York City. A
forensic pathologist was appointed to be the Medical Examiner with statutory 
authority to investigate death and provided with a dedicated facility, support 
staff, and toxicology laboratory. 

Medieval: see Romance Subgenres

Melodrama: {to be done}

Memetic Viruses: Hoaxes, chain letters, erroneous alerts...

Memoir: we distinguish between
Autobiography (a biography written by the author about 
himself or herself), Memoir (where the emphasis is not on oneself, 
but on people met or events witnessed) or Diary (intended for private use).

Men: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
7% of all romance readers are men.  One in 50 North American men have 
read a romance novel in 2002.

Merchandise: the other stuff besides romance books that a reader can buy 
in a bookstore.  This includes: other fiction (see genres); nonfiction books; 
magazines; stationary or greeting cards; children's books; novelty books;
software; coffee or cafe items.

The Metaphysical Mystery:
     "An offspring of the classic gothic of 'Monk' Lewis and the Mesdames 
[Mary] Shelley and Radcliffe, dealing with the possession of souls, 
Black Masses, ghosts and the occult, with the pursuit modeled on the 
Greek drama -- man hectored by demons or gods."
     "Note: the Metaphysical Mystery, although an offspring of the classic 
gothic, bears little resemblence to the 'modern gothic,' the romantic 
mystery novel discussed with skill, affection, and knowledgability by 
Phyllis Whitney, one of its noted practioner..." [elsehere in this Dictionary]
     Considered a sub-type of the Novel of Pursuit by Boucher and Cassidy.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Pursuit Authors:
* William Peter Blatty
* Ira Levin
* Tom Tryon

Metaphysical Poets: {to be done}

Meter: {to be done}

Middle English: see Periods of English Literature

Minor: A person under 21 years of age. 
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
Also see juvenile; youth; Tender Age Youth

Miracle Plays: {to be done}

Miranda Rules: The rights which must be read to a suspect once in custody.

Misdemeanor: An offense for which the maximum term of incarceration 
is less than one year.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
See: Felony

Missing Person: {to be done}

Missing person tracing services: 
See: Investigation Services

Mitigating Circumstances: Factors that a judge may consider in reducing the 
penalty for committing a crime. 

Modern Period: see Periods of English Literature

Modus Operandi: see M.O.

Mood: see Atmosphere

Motif and Theme: {to be done}

Morphine:
see Opiate; Codeine; Heroin

MtDNA: Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), which is inherited from 
a person's mother.
see: DNA; Genetic Fingerprint

Mug Shot: A photograph taken of a suspect.

Murder: unlawful killing of a person.
see: Homicide; Infanticide; Manslaughter;
Violent Crime

Murder, First Degree: The killing of another with intent to cause death 
or great bodily harm; or with knowledge that the conduct in question will 
cause the death of another person; or with knowledge that the conduct in 
question is likely to cause death or great bodily harm to another person; 
or in the commission of a forcible felony.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Murder, Second Degree: The killing of another such as would constitute 
first degree murder, with specified, mitigating circumstances: 
the offender was acting under sudden and intense passion resulting 
from serious provocation; or the offender believed there were 
circumstances which, if they had existed, would have been legally 
sufficient to justify the killing.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Muscle Bound: #1 of the top 3 character traits that romance readers like 
to see in the heroes about whom they read (in 2002),
according to Romance Writers of America statistics.
See also: intelligence, beauty, 
handsomeness, kindness, Strength of Character, 
and attractiveness.

Mystery: see Romance Subgenres

Mystery Novel: ÊA work of fiction which should meet all the requirements of 
any novel, and is additionally expected to include four essential elements:
* Crime (usually, but not necessarily, murder), 
* Detective(s), whether professional (police or private) or amateur, 
* An investigative process, and 
* The identification of the culprit(s). 
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]
see also: Novel; Crime Novel

Mystery Shoppers: Undercover agents posing as shoppers to detect theft.

Myth: {to be done}

N
Definitions: N

NCIC: Abbreviation for National Crime Information Center

NCJRS: Abbreviation for National Criminal Justice Reference Service

NCVS: Abbreviation for National Crime Victimization Survey

NEOTWY: An acronym formed by using the last letter of when, where, who, what,
how and why.

Narcoanalysis: The use of truth serum.

Narcoterrorism: A political alliance between terrorist organizations and drug 
supplying cartels. The cartels provide financing for the terrorists, who in turn 
provide quasi-military protection to the drug dealers.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Natural Law: Rules of conduct inherent in human nature and in the natural order 
which are thought to be knowable through intuition, inspiration, and the exercise
of reason, without the need for reference to man-made laws.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Neglected Child: A child who is not receiving the proper level of physical or 
psychological care from his or her parents or guardian, or who has been placed up
for adoption in violation of the law.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Negligence: In legal usage, generally, a state of mind accompanying a person's 
conduct such that he or she is not aware, though a reasonable person should be 
aware, that there is a risk that the conduct might cause a particular harmful 
result.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Negligent Manslaughter: Defined in the FBI's UCR as: 
"Causing death of another by recklessness or gross negligence."
See: Manslaughter; Negligence

Neoclassic and Romantic: see Periods of English Literature

New Criticism: {to be done}

New Police: Also known as the Metropolitan Police of London, were formed in 
1829 under the command of Sir Robert Peel. Peel's police became the model for 
modern-day police forces throughout the Western world.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Night Vision Devices: Devices used to see in the dark by using available light
or infrared.

No True Bill: The decision by a grand jury that it will not return an indictment 
against the person(s) accused of a crime(s) on the basis of the allegations and 
evidence presented by the prosecutor.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Noir: see Hard-boiled

Nolle Prosequi: A formal entry upon the record of the court, indicating that 
the prosecutor declares that he or she will proceed no further in the action. 
The terminating of adjudication of a criminal charge by the prosecutor's decision
not to pursue the case, in some jurisdictions requiring the approval of the court.
See: Prosecutorial Discretion

Nolo Contendere: A plea of "no contest." A no contest plea may be used where the 
defendant does not wish to contest conviction. Because the plea does not admit 
guilt, however, it cannot provide the basis for later civil suits that might 
follow upon the heels of a criminal conviction.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Nonfiction: contrast: fiction.
Nonfiction: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
such merchandise is purchased by 47% of romance readers when they're in a 
bookstore buying romance fiction.

Non-lethals: (noun) Devices used to inflict pain in order to subdue 
those less than cooperative.
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

North American: in the book business, this means USA plus Canada.

Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity: The plea of a defendant or the verdict of a 
jury or judge in a criminal proceeding, that the defendant is not guilty of the 
offense(s) charged because at the time the crime(s) was committed the defendant 
did not have the mental capacity to be held criminally responsible for his or her
actions.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Novel: in the official definition of Science Fiction Writers of 
America, this is a work of fiction over 40,000 words in length.  
Contrast : short story, novella, novelette.
See also: Mystery Novel

Novella: in the official definition of Science Fiction Writers of 
America, this is a work of fiction 7,500 to 17,499 words in length.  
Contrast : short story, novelette, novel.

Novelette: in the official definition of Science Fiction Writers of 
America, this is a work of fiction 17,499 to 40,000 words in length.  
Contrast : short story, novella, novel.

Novelty Books: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
such merchandise is purchased by 22% of romance readers when they're in a 
bookstore buying romance fiction.

O
Definitions: O

ONCDP: abbreviation for Office of National Drug Control Policy

O.R.: see Own Recognizance

Objective and Subjective: {to be done}

Occasional Poems: {to be done}

Occupational Crime: Any act punishable by law that is committed through 
opportunity created in the course of an occupation that is legal.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Ode: {to be done}

Offender: An adult who has been convicted of a criminal offense.

Offense: (1) A violation of the criminal law of a state or local jurisdiction.
(2) a "ticketable" minor violation, such as jaywalking.

Offenses Known to Police: In the FBI's  UCR, this means reported occurrences of 
offenses, which have been verified at the police level.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Office of National Drug Control Policy: An agency which monitors and
studies the use of drugs in the United States. Abbreviated ONCDP.

Official Written Reports: Narrative reports prepared by investigators using a 
typewriter or word processor.

Ohnosecond: (noun) That fraction of time after hitting the Enter key, 
in which you realize that you've just done something that you really 
didn't want to do.
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Old English: see Periods of English Literature

Onomatopoeia: {to be done}

Opening Statement: The initial statement of an attorney (or of a defendant 
representing himself or herself) made in a court of law to a judge, or to a judge
and jury, describing the facts that he or she intends to present during trial in 
order to prove his or her case.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Operation Identification: A proactive effort to identify personal property 
to prevent its theft.

Operational Capacity: The number of inmates a prison can effectively 
accommodate based upon management considerations.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Opiate:
see Codeine; Heroin; Morphine

Opinion: The official announcement by a judge or justice of a decision of a court
together with the reasons of fact and law for that decision.
See: Expert Witness;
contrast facts.

Opinion Evidence: Evidence which generally is inadmissible in court, 
opinions can be provided by lay and expert witnesses.

Opportunity Theory: A perspective which sees delinquency as the result of 
limited legitimate opportunities for success available to most lower-class youth.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Organized Crime: The unlawful activities of the members of a highly organized, 
disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods and services, 
including but not limited to gambling, prostitution, loansharking, narcotics, 
labor racketeering, and other unlawful activities of members of such organizations.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: RICO

Original Jurisdiction: The lawful authority of a court to hear or act upon a case
from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Other Fiction: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
such merchandise is purchased by 66% of romance readers when they're in a 
bookstore buying romance fiction.

Overt/Covert Investigation: Overt = conducted openly; 
Covert = conducted in secret 

Outline:{to be done}
[Hillary Waugh, "Why I Don't Outline", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Own Recognizance: The release, without bail, of a criminal defendant who 
promises a judge to appear at future court proceedings. In certain cases, 
the judge has statutory discretion to release the defendant without posting bail.
Failure by a defendant to later appear in such a case is a crime. 

P
Definitions: P

PCR: (1) Abbreviation for Polymerase Chain Reaction for DNA;
(2) Abbreviation for Police Community Relations

P.I.: short for Private Investigator.  Pronouncing it letter-for-letter gives 
the synonym Private Eye.  Almost synonymous with Private Detective.
See: Investigation Services

P.P.O.: Abbreviation for "probationary police officer." 
A sworn member who has been employed as a Chicago Police Officer 
for less than one year. Informally referred to as a "rookie."
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Pantomime and Dumb Show: {to be done}

Paper Trail: A series of documents by which the police can "follow" a person
or series of transactions. 

Paperback: {to be done}. Contrast: Hardcover.
[Dan Marlowe, "The Softcover Original", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Paperback Original: A book initially published as a paperback, without prior 
or simultaneous appearance in hardcover. First printings of these can also be 
collectable. In some places, such as our Newsletter, they may be identified as 
a tpo (trade paperback original) or pbo (paperback original, 
usually meaning mass-market paperback). Trade paperbacks are usually, but not 
necessarily, of a larger format than rack-size, whereas mass-market paperbacks 
are almost always rack size. But technically the distinction is that trade 
paperbacks are intended to be sold only through bookstores, whereas mass-markets 
are distributed also through non-book outlets.
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]

Paradox: {to be done}

Paranormal: see Romance Subgenres

Parens Patriae: (Latin) refers to the legal basis upon which delinquent children
may be removed from the home and supervised by the state. It means, in effect, 
that the state assumes responsibility for the welfare of problem children.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Parliament: The British legislature; the highest lawmaking body of the 
United Kingdom of Great Britain.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Parole: The formal supervision of a convicted offender by a state parole agent 
when the offender is released from a state correctional institution into the 
community. 
Parole: The status of an offender conditionally released from a prison by 
discretion of a paroling authority prior to expiration of sentence, required 
to observe conditions of parole, and placed under the supervision of a 
parole agency.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Parole Board: A state paroling authority. Most states have parole boards 
(also called "commissions") that decide when an incarcerated offender is 
ready for conditional release and that may also function as revocation hearing 
panels.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Parolee: A person who has been conditionally released by a paroling authority 
from a prison prior to the expiration of his or her sentence, and placed under 
the supervision of a parole agency, and who is required to observe conditions 
of parole.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Parole Revocation: The administrative action of a paroling authority 
removing a person from parole status in response to a violation of 
lawfully required conditions of parole including the prohibition 
against commission of a new offense, and usually resulting in a
return to prison.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Parole Supervision: Guidance, treatment, or regulation of the behavior of a 
convicted adult who is obliged to fulfill conditions of parole or conditional 
release. Parole supervision is authorized and required by statute, performed 
by a parole agency, and occurs after a period of prison confinement.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Parole Violation: An act or a failure to act by a parolee that does not 
conform to the conditions of parole.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Paroling Authority: A board or commission which has the authority to release 
on parole adults committed to prison, to revoke parole or other conditional
release, and to discharge from parole or other conditional release status.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Part I Offenses: In Uniform Crime Reports terminology, the group of offenses, 
also called "major offenses," for which UCR publishes counts of reported 
instances, and which consist of those that meet the following five-part criterion: 
(1) are most likely to be reported to police, 
(2) police investigation can easily establish whether a crime has occurred, 
(3) occur in all geographical areas, 
(4) occur with sufficient frequency to provide an adequate basis for comparison, 
(5) are serious crimes by nature and/or volume.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Part II Offenses: In Uniform Crime Reports terminology, a set of offense 
categories used in UCR data concerning arrests.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Pastoral: {to be done}

Pathetic Fallacy: {to be done}

Pathos: {to be done}

Patterns: A series of similarities that may link cases to an individual.

PBO: see Paperback Original

Peacemaking Criminology: A perspective which holds that crime control agencies 
and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems 
and human suffering and thus reduce crime.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Pedophiles: Sexual offenders who receive gratification from sexual contact 
with children.

Sir Robert Peel: Creator of the London Metropolitan Police.
See: Bobbies

Pen Register: A device which records dialed phoned numbers.

Penal Code: The written, organized, and compiled form of the criminal laws 
of a jurisdiction.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Penal Law: See Criminal Law

Penitentiary: A prison. 
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
Also see Pennsylvania Style

Pennsylvania Style: A form of imprisonment developed by the Pennsylvania 
Quakers around 1790 as an alternative to corporal punishments. The style 
made use of solitary confinement and resulted in the nation's first 
penitentiaries.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Percussive maintenance: (verb) The fine art of whacking the crap out of 
an electronic device to get it to work again.
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Peremptory Challenge: The right to challenge a juror without assigning a reason 
for the challenge. In most jurisdictions each party to an action, both civil and 
criminal, has a specified number of such challenges and after using all his 
peremptory challenges he is required to furnish a reason for subsequent challenges.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Voir Dire

The Period Mystery:
     "A novel of mystery in any of the foregoing [whodunnit] subtypes set 
in the past, usually dealing with crime or murder, and stressing the 
social and political values of the other time."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Period Mystery Authors:
* John Dickson Carr
* Robert van Gulick
* Nicholas Meyer ["The Seven Percent Solution"]

Periods of English Literature:
      450-1066  Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period
     1066-1500  Middle English Period
     1500-1660  The Renaissance
                1558-1603  Elizabethan Age
                1603-1625  Jacobean Age
                1625-1649  Caroline Age
                1649-1660  Commonwealth Period (Puritan Interregnum) 
     1660-1798  Neoclassical Period
                1660-1700  The Restoration
                1700-1745  The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope)
                1745-1798  The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson)
     1798-1832  The Romantic Period
     1832-1901  The Victorian Period
     1901-1914  The Edwardian Period
     1914-19??  The Modern Period
                1910-1936  The Georgian Period
                1936-19xx  ??
                19xx-20xx  The Postmodern Period
See also Enlightenment, Euphuism

Periodical: a magazine.  See also series romance.

Perjury: The intentional making of a false statement as part of testimony 
by a sworn witness in a judicial proceeding on a matter material to the inquiry.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Perp: Slang for perpetrator; (noun) One who is responsible for the commission 
of a crime. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Perpetrator: The chief actor in the commission of a crime, that is, 
the person who directly commits the criminal act.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Persona, Tone, and Voice: {to be done}

Personal flip-through: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
is the #2 most important selling point for readers when deciding what book 
to buy. See also: description on the back cover, word-of-mouth, author, price.

Petition: A written request made to a court asking for the exercise of its 
judicial powers or asking for permission to perform some act where the 
authorization of a court is required.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Petit Jury: see Trial Jury
Contrast: Grand Jury

Petty Offense: An offense for which the only allowable penalty is a fine.

Phenomenological Criminology: A perspective on crime causation that holds 
that the significance of criminal behavior is ultimately knowable only to 
those who participate in it. Central to this school of thought is the belief 
that social actors endow their behavior with meaning and purpose. Hence, a 
crime might mean one thing to the person who commits it, quite another to 
the victim, and something far different still to professional participants 
in the justice system.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Photo Log: A log kept to document all photographs taken of a crime scene.

Physical Addiction: Dependence upon drugs marked by a growing tolerance of a 
drug's effects so that increased amounts of a drug are needed to obtain a 
desired effect, and by the onset of withdrawal symptoms over periods of 
prolonged abstinence. Also, a craving for a specific drug which results 
from long-term substance abuse. Dependence upon drugs is marked by a growing 
tolerance of a drug's effects so that increased amounts of a drug are needed 
to obtain a desired effect and by the onset of withdrawal symptoms over 
periods of prolonged abstinence.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
Synonymous with Physical Dependence

Physical Dependence: The physical need to continue using drugs.
See: Addict; Psychological Dependence;
Recreational Drug User

Allan Pinkerton: First detective for Chicago, Illinois [1849]. 
Founder of the Pinkerton Agency [first USA detective agency]. 

Pinkerton Agency: A national detective agency which protected presidents and
investigated counterfeiting.

Plaintiff: A person who initiates a court action.

Plain View: A legal term describing the ready visibility of objects that might 
be sized as evidence during a search by police in the absence of a search warrant
specifying the seizure of those objects. In order for evidence in plain view to 
be lawfully seized, officers must have a legal right to be in the viewing area, 
and must have cause to believe that the evidence is somehow associated with 
criminal activity.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Plants: Materials placed around the ignition device to feed the flame.
See: Arson

Plastic Fingerprint: see Fingerprint 

Platonic Love: {to be done}

Plea: The response by a defendant to formal charge(s) in court. Such pleas 
include guilty, not guilty, nolo contendere (no contest) or not guilty by 
reason of insanity. 
Plea: In criminal proceedings, a defendant's formal answer in 
court to the charge contained in a complaint, information, or indictment, that 
he or she is guilty or not guilty of the offense charged, or does not contest 
the charge.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Plea Bargain: A plea bargain usually involves aÊplea by a criminal defendant 
of guilty or nolo contendere (no contest)Ê to a lesser offense or to only one 
of several charged offenses in return for an agreed-upon disposition. 

Plot: {to be done}
[Frederic Brown, "Where Do You Get Your Plot?", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
[Dana Lyon, "Plotting From a Situation", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Poetic Diction: {to be done}

Poetic Justice: {to be done}

Poetic License: {to be done}

Point of Origin: The location where a fire starts.
See: Arson

Point of View: {to be done}

Police: This industry comprises government establishments 
primarily engaged in criminal and civil law enforcement, police, traffic safety, 
and other activities related to the enforcement of the law and preservation of 
order. Combined police and fire departments are included in this industry.

Police Community Relations:  An area of emerging police activity that stresses 
the need for the community and the police to work together effectively and 
emphasizes the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the 
community they serve. PCR began to be of concern to many police agencies in 
the 1960s and 1970s.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
Abbreviated PCR

Police Culture: Synonymous with Police Subculture. A particular set of values, 
beliefs, and acceptable forms of behavior characteristic of American police, 
and with which the police profession strives to imbue new recruits. 
Socialization into the police subculture commences with recruit training,
and is ongoing thereafter.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Police Ethics: The special responsibility for adherence to moral duty and 
obligation inherent in police work.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Police Professionalism: The increasing formalization of police work, and the rise
in public acceptance of the police which accompanies it. Any profession is 
characterized by a specialized body of knowledge and a set of internal guidelines
which hold members of the profession accountable for their actions. A well-focused
code of ethics, equitable recruitment and selection practices, and informed 
promotional strategies among many agencies contribute to the growing level of 
professionalism among American police agencies today.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Police Protection: Official U.S. Census
North American Industry Classication System (2002 NAICS) categories:

Alcohol, tobacco, and firearms control
Criminal investigation offices, government
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)
Drug enforcement agencies and offices
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Federal police services
Highway patrols, police
Housing police, government
Marshals' offices
Park police
Police academies
Police and fire departments, combined
Police departments (except American Indian or Alaska Native)
Sheriffs' offices (except court functions only)
State police
Transit police
Related categories of employment are classified by the Census as follows:

Government establishments primarily engaged in prosecution are classified in
     "Industry 922130": Legal Counsel and Prosecution
Government establishments primarily engaged in collection of law enforcement
     statistics are classified in "Industry 922190:" Other Justice, Public Order,
     and Safety Activities
Government establishments primarily engaged in providing police service 
     for the military or National Guard are classified in "Industry 928110:
     National Security
Government establishments primarily engaged in providing police service 
     for tribal governments are classified in "Industry 921150:
     American Indian and Alaska Native Tribal Governments
Government establishments primarily engaged in enforcing immigration laws 
     are classified in "Industry 928120: International Affairs
Sheriffs' offices conducting court functions only are classified in
     "Industry 922110": Courts
Private establishments primarily engaged in providing security and 
     investigation services are classified in "Industry 56161":
     Investigation, Guard, and Armored Car Services

The Police Procedural Mystery:
     "A story of a real police detective working on a real police force,
solving one crime or a series of crimes, the events narrated in an almost 
documentary fashion."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Police Procedural Mystery Authors:
* John Creasy
* Leslie Egan
* Ed McBain
* Robert L. Pike (Fish)
* Richard Martin Stern
* Lawrence Treat
* Hilary Waugh
"Police Procedurals: These novels have protagonists who usually belong to
 a police force and a crime which is solved using the rules of the police
department and forensic rules of evidence". 
[formerly on now-abandoned site 
     http://staff.queens.lib.ny.us/central/my_html/Mystery.htm]
* Patricia Moyes (Henry Tibbet)
* P.D. James (Adam Dalgliesh)
* Ed McBain (87th Precinct novels)
* Reginald Hill (Pascoe & Dalziel)
* Dorothy Simpson (Inspector Luke Thanet)
* Tony Hillerman (Leaphorn &Chee)
* Ruth Rendell (Inspector Wexford)
* Martha Grimes (Inspector Jury)
* Peter Lovesey (Sgt. Cribb).

Police Subulture: Synonymous with Police Culture

Police Working Personality: All aspects of the traditional values and patterns 
of behavior evidenced by police officers who have been effectively socialized 
into the police subculture. Characteristics of the police 
personality often  extend to the personal lives of law enforcement personnel.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Polygraph: A mechanical device used to measure the respiration, 
circulation, and the galvanic skin response; used to detect stress or deception 
in suspects.
see Lie Detector

Polygraph Services:
See: Investigation Services

Popular Culture: "...the everyday world around us: the mass media, entertainments, 
diversions, heroes, icons, ritual, psychology, religion--our total life picture." 
[The Journal of Popular Culture]
     Celia Brayfield, a critic of popular culture, states "...popular culture 
circulates ideas for millions of people. These ideas are our modern mythology. 
They tell society how to survive. Society changes at a dizzying speed and a 
great many modern stories address the fears aroused by those changes". 

Popular Literature: "the literature which people really read. It is usually read 
for pleasure and written for profit. Popular literature is also called 'genre' 
literature or 'formulaic' fiction because it can be categorized 
into specific genres or formulas like the classic detective novel, gothic horror,
or historical romance. Works of popular literature usually become 'best sellers' in 
contrast to more experimental or literary fiction. Critics of popular culture 
believe that popular literature reflects the culture in which it was written. 
Therefore, we can determine a culture's concerns by analyzing its best seller lists.
Literature became 'popular', for the people, in the 18th century with the rise of 
the middle class, universal education, and the industrial revolution." 


Portrait Parle: "Speaking picture", a method of describing the human head in a 
very detailed manner. 

Postconviction Remedy: The procedure or set of procedures by which a person who 
has been convicted of a crime can challenge in court the lawfulness of a judgment
of conviction or penalty or of a correctional agency action, and thus obtain 
relief in situations where this cannot be done by a direct appeal.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Postmodern: see Periods of English Literature

Postmodern Criminology: A brand of criminology which developed following 
World War II, and which builds upon the tenets inherent in postmodern social 
thought.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Precedent: A legal principle that operates to ensure that previous judicial 
decisions are authoritatively considered and incorporated into future cases.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Predators: see Superpredators

Preemployment/Background Screening: Screening of potential employees.

Preformated Reports: Forms prepared manually by investigators.

Preliminary Hearing: The proceeding before a judicial officer in which three 
matters must be decided: (1) whether a crime was committed, (2) whether the crime
occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, and (4) whether there 
are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Preliminary Investigation: The initial inquiry into a reported crime.
See: Be On the Lookout

Pre-Raphaelites: {to be done}

Presentence Investigation: The examination of a convicted offender's background 
prior to sentencing. Presentence examinations are generally conducted by 
probation/parole officers and submitted to sentencing authorities.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Presentment: Historically, written notice of an offense taken by a grand jury 
from their own knowledge or observation; in current usage, any of several 
presentations of alleged facts and charges to a court or a grand jury by a 
prosecutor.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Presumptions: Logical deductions in law that may be made from certain 
sets of facts.

Presumptive Sentencing: A model of criminal punishment that meets the following 
conditions: (1) the appropriate sentence for an offender in a specific case is 
presumed to fall within a range of sentences authorized by sentencing guidelines 
that are adopted by a legislatively created sentencing body, usually a sentencing
commission; (2) sentencing judges are expected to sentence within the range or 
provide written justification for departure; (3) the guidelines provide for some 
review, usually appellate, of the departure. 
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Pretexting: Providing a cover story for an informant.

Pretrial Detention: Any period of confinement occurring between arrest or other 
holding to answer a charge and the conclusion of prosecution.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Pretrial Discovery: In criminal proceedings, disclosure by the prosecution 
or the defense prior to trial of evidence or other information which is intended 
to be used in the trial.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Pretrial Release: The release of an accused person from custody, for all or part 
of the time before or during prosecution, upon his or her promise to appear in 
court when required.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Prevention: (noun) Doing something really significant that 
keeps from being done what you don't want done. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Price: What the readers pays for a book.
According to Romance Writers of America statistics,
is the #3 most important shopping factor for romance readers, in order of 
importance. Contrast: selection of books, convenience, help.
Price: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
is the #5 most important selling point for readers when deciding what book 
to buy. See also: description on the back cover, word-of-mouth, Personal flip-through, author.

Prima Facie Evidence: Evidence, standing alone, which is sufficient to establish 
a given fact.

Primary Investigator: also known as Case Investigator or Lead Investigator;
The criminal investigator responsible for the proper investigation of the 
crime scene.

Primitivism and Progress: {to be done}

Prison: A state or federal confinement facility having custodial authority 
over adults sentenced to confinement.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Jail; Penitentiary

Prison Argot: The slang characteristic of prison subcultures and prison life.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Prison Capacity: The size of the correctional population an institution can 
effectively hold.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Prison Commitment: A sentence of commitment to the jurisdiction of a state or 
federal confinement facility system for adults, of which the custodial authority 
extends to persons sentenced to more than a year of confinement, for a term 
expressed in years or for life, or to await execution of a death sentence.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Prisoner: A person in physical custody in a confinement facility, or in the 
personal physical custody of a criminal justice official while being transported 
to or between confinement facilities. A person in physical custody in a state or 
federal confinement facility.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Prisonization: The process whereby newly institutionalized individuals come to 
accept prison lifestyles and criminal values. While many inmates begin their 
prison experience with only a modicum of values supportive of criminal behavior, 
the socialization experience they undergo while incarcerated leads to a much 
wider acceptance of such values.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Prison Subculture: The values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison 
inmates. Prison subculture has been found to have surprising consistencies across
the country.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Pristine: Original condition.
Contrast: Contaminated.

Privacy Act: An act allowing people to review and correct personal information.

Private Detective: The hero in these stories is either employed by 
a large agency, or a loner striking out on his or her own. 
These detectives are usually licensed PIs or ex-cops. 
* Lawrence Block (Matt Scudder)
* James Lee Burke (Dave Robicheaux)
* Arthur Conan Doyle (Sherlock Holmes)
* Marcia Miller (Sharon McCrone)
* Walter Mosley (Easy Rawlins)
* Robert Parker (Spenser)
* Sara Paretsky (V.I. Warshawski)
* Rex Stout (Nero Wolfe)
Private Detective: A privately employed detective as distinguished from
one belonging to a public police force.
[http://www.ci.lenexa.ks.us/codemaster/Title_2/9/D/1.html]

Private Detective Services: See: Investigation Services

Private Eye: see P.I.

The Private Eye Mystery:
     "A story of crime-solution in which the detective may be an 
investigator of any kind -- insurance, skip-tracer, lawyer or ordinary 
citizen in the role of investigator."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Private Eye Mystery Authors:
* Herbert Brean
* George Harmon Coxe
* Dick Francis
* Richard Lockridge
* John D. MacDonald
* Harold Q. Masur
* Judson Philips
* Aaron Marc Stein
* Rex Stout

Private Investigator: see P.I.; Investigator

Private Merchant Police, Guard Service and Patrol Service: Any person who
engages in a business for hire to provide a protective service for the property 
of others and whose duties and activities in that connection include patrolling, 
guarding or watching the property of a subscriber, purchaser or client under 
contract or agreement to provide a protection service.
[http://www.ci.lenexa.ks.us/codemaster/Title_2/9/D/1.html]

Private Police: Private merchant police, guard service, patrol service, watchman and security officer will be
referred to as "private police".
[http://www.ci.lenexa.ks.us/codemaster/Title_2/9/D/1.html]

Private Security: Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business 
entities and organizations providing security-related services to specific 
clientele for a fee, for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, 
or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or 
interests from various hazards.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Private Security Agency: An independent or proprietary commercial organization 
which provides protective services to employers on a contractual basis, and 
whose activities include employee clearance investigations, maintaining the 
security of persons or property, and/or performing the functions of detection 
and investigation of crime and criminals and apprehension of offenders. 
Also known as private protective services.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Privatization: The movement toward the wider use of private prisons.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Privileged Communitions: Communications protected by law, i.e. clergy, lawyer,
spouse relationships.

Proactive Investigation: The use of proactive investigative techniquest to detect
offenders before the offend.
See: Reactive/Proactive Investigation

Proarrest Policies: Policies governing the arrest of violent offenders.

Probable Cause: A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably 
intelligent and prudent person to believe that a particular person had committed 
a specific crime; reasonable grounds to make or believe an accusation. Probable 
cause is needed for a "full blown" search or arrest.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
see Reasonable Suspicion

Probation: A status judicially imposed on a criminal defendant who agrees to 
be supervised, usually formally, by a county probation department under 
specified conditions. Conditions of probation may include county jail, a fine, 
restitution to the victim, community work, or counseling.
See: Supervised Probation

Probationer: A person who is placed on probation status and required by a court 
or probation agency to meet certain conditions of behavior, who may or may not be
placed under the supervision of a probation agency.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Probation Revocation: A court order in response to a violation of conditions 
of probation, taking away a person's probationary status, and usually 
withdrawing the conditional freedom associated with the status.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Probation Termination: The ending of the probation status of a given person 
by routine expiration of probationary period, by special early termination 
by court, or by revocation of probation.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Probation Violation: An act or failure to act by a probationer that does not 
conform to the conditions of his or her probation.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Probation Work Load: The total set of activities required in order to carry out 
the probation agency functions of intake screening of juveniles cases, referral 
of cases to other service agencies, investigation of juveniles and adults for the
purpose of preparing predisposition or presentence reports, supervision or 
treatment of juveniles and adults granted probation, assisting in the enforcement
of court orders concerning family problems such as abandonment and nonsupport 
cases, and such other functions as may be assigned by statute or court order.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Problem: In the CAPS model, a problem suitable for police/community 
resolution has the following characteristics: it is a group of related 
incidents; it affects a number of people; it is unlikely to disappear 
without intervention; a number of people agree to work on it; and it 
can be impacted with available resources.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Problem-oriented Policing: see Problem-solving Policing

Problem Play: {to be done}

Problem-solving Policing: A style of policing which assumes that many crimes 
are caused by existing social conditions within the community, and that crimes 
can be controlled by uncovering and effectively addressing underlying social 
problems. Problem-solving policing makes use of other community resources such 
as counseling centers, welfare programs, and job training facilities. It also 
attempts to involve citizens in the job of crime prevention through education, 
negotiation, and conflict management.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
Synonym: Problem-oriented Policing

Procuratorate: also known as Procuracy. A term used in many countries to refer 
to agencies with powers and responsibilities similar to those of prosecutor's 
offices in the United States.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Procedural Defense: A defense which claims that the defendant was in some 
significant way discriminated against in the justice process, or that some 
important aspect of official procedure was not properly followed in the 
investigation or prosecution of the crime charged.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Procedural Law: That aspect of the law that specifies the methods to be used 
in enforcing substantive law.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Product Liability: The civil result of products which cause injury to 
the consumer.

Professional Criminal: See Career Criminal; Crimogen

Profiling: see BEA; Criminal Personality Profiling;
DNA Profiling; Criminal Investigative Analysis; Psychological Profiling

Proof Copy: see Advance Reading Copy (ARC)

Property Bond: The setting of bail in the form of land, houses, stocks, or 
other tangible property. In the event the defendant absconds prior to trial, 
the bond becomes the property of the court.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Property Crime: An offense category that, according to the FBI's UCR program, 
includes burglary, larceny, auto theft, and arson. Since citizen reports of 
criminal incidents figure heavily in the compilation of "official statistics," 
the same critiques apply to tallies of these crimes as to the category of 
violent crime.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Proportionality: A sentencing principle which holds that the severity of 
sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime 
committed. 
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Proprietary Security Investigations: In-house corporation or business security
department investigations.

Prose: {to be done}

Prosecution Agency: A federal, state, or local criminal justice agency or 
subunit of which the principal function is the prosecution of alleged offenders.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Prosecutor: An attorney who is the elected or appointed chief of a prosecution 
agency, and whose official duty is to conduct criminal proceedings on behalf of 
the people against persons accused of committing criminal offenses. Also called 
"district attorney," "DA," "state's attorney," "county attorney," and 
"U.S. attorney" and any attorney deputized to assist the chief prosecutor.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Prosecutorial Discretion: The decision-making power of prosecutors based upon 
the wide range of choices available to them in the handling of criminal 
defendants, the scheduling of cases for trial, the acceptance of bargained pleas,
and so on. The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power 
to charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Nolle Prosequi

Prosody: {to be done}

Prostitution: Offering or agreeing to engage in, or engaging in, a sex act 
with another in return for a fee.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that affects cognition, feeling, 
and/or awareness.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Psychoanalysis: A theory of human behavior, based upon the writings of 
Sigmund Freud, that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting 
mental entities.

Psychological Dependence: The mental belief that continued drug usage 
is required.
See: Physical Dependence

Psychological Manipulation: Manipulative actions by police interviewers, designed
to pressure suspects to divulge information, which are based upon subtle forms of
intimidation and control.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

The Psychological Mystery:
     "A story of inner malaise affecting the lives of people personally 
related to the protagonist, usually involving the solution of a murder."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Psychological Mystery Authors:
* Stanley Ellin
* John Farris
* Margaret Millar

Psychological Profiling: see Criminal Investigative Analysis

Psychological School: A perspective on criminological thought that views 
offensive and deviant behavior as the products of dysfunctional personalities. 
The conscious, and especially the subconscious, contents of the human psyche are 
identified by psychological thinkers as major determinants of behavior.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Psychopath: almost synonymous with sociopath. A person with a personality 
disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, which is
often said to be the result of a poorly developed superego.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Psychopathology: The study of pathological mental conditions, that is, 
mental illness.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Psychophysiological Veracity: Verifying truthfulness by measuring stress with a
polygraph device.

Psychosis: A form of mental illness in which sufferers are said to be out of 
touch with reality.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Public Defender: An attorney employed by a government agency or subagency, or by 
a private organization under contract to a unit of government, for the purpose of
providing defense services to indigents; also, occasionally, an attorney who has 
volunteered such service. The head of a government agency or subunit whose 
function is the representation in court of persons accused or convicted of a 
crime who are unable to hire private counsel, and any attorney employed by such 
an agency or subunit whose official duty is the performance of the indigent 
defense function.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Public Defender Agency: A federal, state, or local criminal justice agency or 
subunit of which the principal function is to represent in court persons accused 
or convicted of a crime(s) who are unable to hire private counsel.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Public Investigator: An investigator working for local, state and federal government
agencies.

Public Safety Department: An agency organized at the state or local level of 
government incorporating at a minimum various law enforcement and emergency 
service functions.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Publisher: see Romance Publishers

Pun: {to be done}

Purple Patch: {to be done}

The Novel of Pursuit: "Usually a story of espionage but sometimes of 
priavte excitement in which the question is not Why? or How? but What will 
happen next? or How can he get out of this?
     The upsurge of the novel of pursuit and action in its four-odd current 
guises is an interesting counter-trend to the direction noted by Anthony 
Boucher in 1956 when he said that the novel of pursuit hadalmost 
disappeared in the first decade after the second World War.
     Today this form is strongly back in the running in four basic guises, 
producing a large number of espionage, geopolitical, and even metaphysical 
novels.
     The novel of pursuit stresses extroversion over introversion.  Enen 
when it deals with demonic possession and madness, the emphasis is on the 
outer trappings of action and terror rather than on psychological analysis.
     And, when it deals with technology and the mechanics of today's world, 
the stress is definitely on the way things are done rather than the people 
who are doing them; on the make and model of the gun or weapon used for the 
killing or maiming rather than on the perpetrator using the weapon; on the 
method of pursuit, entrapment, or capture rather thasn the personalities of 
the hunter and the hunted.
     The concentration on methodology and technology is perhaps the most 
revolutionary change in mystery prose during this period.  There is no 
question that the mechanistic, technological mystery is holding up a true 
mirror to the dehumanized, impersonal, thing-dominated culture of today."
     The pursuit sub-types are:
     a) the Spy Mystery
     b) the Man-on-the-run Mystery
     c) the Metaphysical Mystery
     d) the Doomsday Mystery
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Pursuit Authors:
* [see each subtype as listed above, in this Dictionary]

The Puzzle Mystery: "The classic, simon-pure detective story, in which the 
author poses a problem and sets up a fair-play game of wits between 
detective and reader."
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Puzzle Mystery Authors:
* John Dickson Carr
* Agatha Christie
* Andrew Garve
* Michael Gilbert
* Ellery Queen

Q
Definitions: Q

Question: to "pop the question" is to ask: "will you marry me?"
See: Leading Question

Questioned Documents: A Questioned Documents Examiner analyzes and identifies 
written, printed, or typed material for authenticity. If the authenticity is 
doubted or if its source is unknown, it becomes a Questioned Document. 
Questioned Document examination may be associated with criminal cases involving 
forgery, suicide, and embezzlement.
[Office of the Attorney General, State of California, Dept. of Justice]

R
Definitions: R

R/O: Abbreviation for "responding officer," a term used in police case reporting.

RFLP: Abbreviation for Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism 

RICO: see Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organization 

ROPs: Abbreviation for Repeat Offender Programs

ROR: Abbreviation for Release on Recognizance

Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organization : A federal statute that allows for 
the federal seizure of assets derived from illegal enterprise. Abbreviated RICO.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Radical Criminology: A conflict perspective that sees crime as engendered by the 
unequal distribution of wealth, power, and other resources which it believes is 
especially characteristic of capitalist societies. Also called "critical 
criminology."
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Rank: Sworn Ranks in the Chicago Police Department are as follows:
(Rank followed by Rank Uniform Insignia):

Superintendent of Police Four Silver Five-Pointed Stars
First Deputy Superintendent Three Silver Five-Pointed Stars
Deputy Superintendent Two Silver Five-Pointed Stars
Chief One Silver Five-Pointed Star
Assistant Deputy Superintendent Silver or Gold Spread Eagle
Deputy Chief Silver Oak Leaf
Commander Gold Oak Leaf
Captain Two Silver Bars
Lieutenant, Inspector One Silver Bar for Lieutenant
Sergeant Three Chevrons
Police Officer Assigned as Detective, Police Technician, Patrol Specialist, 
     Investigator, Gang Crime Specialist, Police Agent, Traffic Specialist
Police Officer
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Rape: Forced intercourse upon a woman (usually) against her will.
See: Violent Crime

Rape: (generic definition) Unlawful sexual intercourse, achieved through force 
and without consent. Broadly speaking, the term "rape" has been applied to a wide
variety of sexual attacks, and may include same-sex rape and the rape of a male 
by a female. The term "forcible rape" has a more concise meaning. 
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See also: Forcible Rape; Sexual Battery.

Rape Kits: Set of items used to collect sexual assault evidence.

Rapid Response Car: A squad car assigned to patrol a sector within a 
district and respond to in-progress (emergency) calls. Instituted as 
part of the CAPS strategy, rapid response cars allow beat officers 
greater opportunity to deal with chronic problems on their own beat.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Rated Capacity: The number of inmates that a correctional facility can house 
without overcrowding, determined by comparison with some set of explicit 
standards applied to groups of facilities.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Reactive/Proactive Investigation: Reactive = instigated by a complaint; 
Proactive = instigated by an officer's initiative. 

Real Evidence: Tangible items used to prove or disprove a fact in issue.

Realism and Naturalism: {to be done}

Reasonable Doubt: (in legal proceedings) an actual and substantial doubt arising 
from the evidence, from the facts or circumstances shown by the evidence, or from
the lack of evidence. Also, that state of the case which, after the entire 
comparison and consideration of all the evidence, leaves the minds of the jurors 
in that condition that they cannot say they feel an abiding conviction of the 
truth of the charge.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See also: Burden of Going Forward

Reasonable Doubt Standard: that standard of proof necessary for conviction 
in criminal trials.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Reasonable Force: A degree of force that is appropriate in a given situation 
and is not excessive. The minimum degree of force necessary to protect oneself, 
ones' property, a third party, or the property of another in the face of a 
substantial threat.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Reasonable Suspicion: (1) That level of suspicion which would justify an officer 
in making further inquiry or in conducting further investigation. Reasonable 
suspicion may permit a simple "stop and frisk." (2) A belief, based upon a 
consideration of the facts at hand and upon reasonable inferences drawn from 
those facts, which would induce an ordinarily prudent and cautious person under 
the same circumstances to generally conclude that criminal activity is taking 
place, or that criminal activity has recently occurred.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See also: Probable Cause

Recalcitrant: Uncooperative

Recanvass: The reinterview of a large number of potential witnesses.

Recidivism: The repetition of criminal behavior.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Recidivist: A person who has been convicted of one or more crimes and who 
is alleged or found to have subsequently committed another crime or series 
of crimes.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Serial Offender; Career Criminal

Reckless Behavior: Activity which increases the risk of harm.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Reconstructing: The use of evidence to reconstruct the activities leading to the 
condition of a crime scene.

Reconstruction: see Crime Scene Investigation/Reconstruction

Recreational Drug User: A person who uses drugs relatively infrequently, 
and whose use occurs primarily among friends and within social contexts 
which define drug use as pleasurable. Most addicts began as recreational users.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Physical Dependence; Psychological Dependence

Reformatory Concept: A late-nineteenth-century correctional model based upon 
the use of the indeterminate sentence and belief in the possibility of 
rehabilitation, especially for youthful offenders. The reformatory concept 
faded with the emergence of industrial prisons around the turn of the century.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Refrain: {to be done}

Regency: see Romance Subgenres

Rehabilitation: The attempt to reform a criminal offender. Also, the state 
in which a reformed offender is said to be.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Release on Recognizance: The pretrial release of a criminal defendant on 
their written promise to appear. No cash or property bond is required.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
Abbreviated ROR.
See: Bail

Relevance: Evidence which tends to prove or disprove any fact in dispute, the
evidence's bearing on the case.

Renaissance: see Periods of English Literature

Repartee: see Wit

Repeat Offender Programs: The law enforcement effort to direct resources at
career criminals.  Abbreviated ROPs.

Reprieve: An executive act temporarily suspending the execution of a sentence, 
usually a death sentence. A reprieve differs from other suspensions of sentence 
not only in that it almost always applies to temporary withdrawing of a death 
sentence, but also in that it is usually an act of clemency intended to provide 
the prisoner with time to secure amelioration of the sentence.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Research: The use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Research Revolution: A period of research into the criminal justice system 
to identify shortcomings.

Restitution Fine: A fine that a convicted perpetrator must pay to the 
State as part of sentencing.

Resident: A person required by official action or his own acceptance of placement
to reside in a public or private facility established for purposes of confinement, 
supervision, or care.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Residential Commitment: A sentence of commitment to a correctional facility 
for adults, in which the offender is required to reside at night, but from 
which he or she is regularly permitted to depart during the day, unaccompanied 
by any official.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Restitution: A court requirement that an alleged or convicted offender pay 
money or provide services to the victim of the crime or provide services 
to the community.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Restitution Order: Compensation to a crime victim by a criminal defendant for 
financial losses or personal injuries cause by the crime, sometimes called 
"victim's restitution" or direct restitution. Every victim who suffers economic 
loss as a result of criminal activity is entitled to restitution upon sentencing 
of a defendant.

Restoration: A goal of criminal sentencing that attempts to 
make the victim "whole again."
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Restoration: see Periods of English Literature

Restorative Justice: A sentencing model which builds upon restitution and 
community participation in an attempt to make the victim "whole again."
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism: a pattern in DNA 
useful for Genetic Fingerprinting.
Abbreviated RFLP.

Retribution: The act of taking revenge upon a criminal perpetrator.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Revision: {to be done}
[Stanley Ellin, "The Ungentle Art of Revision", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
[Helen McCloy, "Cutting: Surgery or Butchery?", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Revocation: The cancellation of a probationer's or parolee's freedom. 
Revocation usually results from the violation of at least one of the 
conditions of probation or parole and may be ordered only by a special 
hearing board constituted for that purpose.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Revocation Hearing: A hearing held before a legally constituted hearing body 
(such as a parole board) in order to determine whether or not a probationer or 
parolee has violated the conditions and requirements of his or her probation 
or parole.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Rhetoric: {to be done}

Rhetorical Figures: {to be done}

Rhyme: {to be done}

Rights of Defendant: Those powers and privileges which are constitutionally 
guaranteed to every defendant.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Ring: the essential magical device required for a proper wedding.  
See: jewelry.

Robbery: The UCR definition is "The unlawful taking or attempted
taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or 
threat of force."
See: Larceny, Theft, Violent Crime

Rock Cocaine: synonym for Crack
See: Cocaine; Drugs

Rohypnol: see Date-rape Drugs

Roll Call: The first half hour of a watch, reserved for attendance, 
inspection, briefings, and training.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Roman a Clef: {to be done}

Romance: the primary genre of fiction.
Romance Writers of America's Official Definition:
"A romance is a book wherein the love story is the main focus of the 
novel, and the end of the book is emotionally satisfying."
Contrast with "Women's Fiction Novel."

Romantic Period: see Periods of English Literature

Rough Tail: Following someone, not important if discovered by the subject.
See: Loose Trail, Close Trail, Tight Trail 

Rules of Evidence: A set of regulations that act as guidelines for judges, 
attorneys, and law enforcement personnel.

Runaway: A juvenile who has been adjudicated by a judicial officer of juvenile 
court, as having committed the status offense of leaving the custody and home of 
his or her parents, guardians, or custodians without permission and failing to 
return within a reasonable length of time.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

S
Definitions: S

STR: Abbreviation for Short Tandem Repeat

Satire: {to be done}

Schizophrenics: Mentally ill individuals who suffer from disjointed thinking and,
possibly, delusions and hallucinations.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Science: see Enlightenment

Science Fiction: see Romance Subgenres

Scientific Police Management: The application of social scientific techniques 
to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, 
reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of 
available resources.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Scotland: see Romance Subgenres

Scotland Yard: The facility housing the London Metropolitan Police.

Scum Sucking Slime: (noun) (1) Descriptive term of a rip-off artist with 
no morals and no ethics. 
(2) Private Investigators who work without a contract. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Search Warrant: A document issued by a judicial officer which directs a law 
enforcement officer to conduct a search at a specific location, for specified 
property or persons relating to a crime(s), to seize the property or persons if 
found, and to account for the results of the search to the issuing judicial 
officer.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Searches Incident to an Arrest: Those warrantless searches of arrested 
individuals which are conducted in order to insure the safety of the arresting 
officer(s). Because individuals placed under arrest may be in the possession of 
weapons, courts have recognized the need for arresting officers to protect 
themselves by conducting an immediate and warrantless search of arrested 
individuals without the need for a warrant.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sector: One of three geographic divisions within a police district, 
comprising three to five beats.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Security: The methodologies for prevention, detection, 
investigation, protection, safety, guarding, and restricted access of 
persons, locations, and systems. 
[magicdragon definition]
(2) The restriction of inmate movement within a correctional facility, 
usually divided into maximum, medium, and minimum levels.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Encryption

Security Officer:  Any person regularly employed by a person and whose duties, 
in addition to patrolling, guarding and watching the property of the employer, 
may include conducting investigations concerning the reputation or character 
of employees or prospective employees and investigations concerning the 
location of property of the employer that be comes lost or stolen.
[http://www.ci.lenexa.ks.us/codemaster/Title_2/9/D/1.html]

Selection of books: according to Romance Writers of America statistics,
is the #1 most important shopping factor for romance readers, in order of 
importance. Contrast: convenience, price, help.

Self-defense: (noun) (1) Defense of oneself when physically attacked. 
(2) Defense of what belongs to oneself, as one's works or reputation 
     [see Defamation]. 
(3) (Law) The right to protect oneself against violence or threatened 
violence with whatever force or means are reasonably necessary. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]
(4) The protection of oneself or one's property from unlawful injury or the immediate
risk of unlawful injury; the justification for an act which would otherwise
constitute an offense, that the person who committed it reasonably believed that
the act was necessary to protect self or property from immediate danger.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sentence: (1) The penalty imposed by a court upon a person convicted of a crime. 
(2) The court judgment specifying the penalty imposed upon a person convicted of a 
crime. (3) Any disposition of a defendant resulting from a conviction, including 
the court decision to suspend execution of a sentence.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sentence Withheld: see Suspended Sentence

Sentencing: The imposition of a criminal sanction by a sentencing authority.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sentencing Dispositions: Court dispositions of defendants after a judgment of 
conviction, expressed as penalties, such as imprisonment or payment of fines; 
or any of a number of alternatives to actually executed penalties, such as 
suspended sentences, grants of probation, or orders to perform restitution; 
or various combinations of the foregoing.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sentencing Hearing: In criminal proceedings, a hearing during which the court 
or jury considers relevant information, such as evidence concerning aggravating 
or mitigating circumstances, for the purpose of determining a sentencing 
disposition for a person convicted of an offense(s).
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sentimentalism: {to be done}

Separated: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
0.5% of romance readers are divorced (1% in 1998).  
Contrast: married, single, 
widowed, divorced.

Sequestered Jury: A jury that is isolated from the public during the course of 
a trial and throughout the deliberation process.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Serial Offender: see Recidivist; Crimogen

Serial Murder: A series of murders committed by the same offender.

Series: {to be done}
[Hillary Waugh, "The Series vs. the Non-Series Detective", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Series Romance: a shorter paperback romance novel that is released as part 
of a numbered sequence and typically pubslihed by Harlequin/Silhouette, the 
largest publisher of series romance.  A number indicating the place each 
book belongs in the series appears on the cover of each series book.  
Series romances are released in numbered order, and shelved monthly like a 
periodical -- with the previous month's titles being replaced by the next 
month's titles every few weeks. Contrast Single-title romance.

Serology see DNA/Serology

Service Style: A style of policing that is marked by a concern with helping 
rather than strict enforcement. Service-oriented agencies are more likely to 
take advantage of community resources, such as drug treatment programs, than are 
other types of departments.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Setting: {to be done}

Sex Offenses: (1) In current statistical usage, the name of a broad category of 
varying content, usually consisting of all offenses having a sexual element 
except forcible rape and commercial sex offenses. All unlawful sexual intercourse, 
unlawful sexual contact, and other unlawful behavior intended to result in sexual
gratification or profit from sexual activity.
(2) The name of the UCR category used to record and report arrests made for
"offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like," except 
forcible rape, prostitution, and commercialized vice.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sexual Asphyxia: Synonym for Autoerotic Death: Accidental asphyxiation, 
causing death, rersulting from  masochistic activity of the deceased.  

Sexual Assault: An act of sexually molesting a person for sexual 
gratification.

Sexual Battery: Intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person without 
his or her consent that entails a sexual component or purpose.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sexual Harassment: Unwanted and uninvited sexual contact or harassment of another
person.

Shadow: A one person surveillance.

Sheriff: The elected chief officer of a county law enforcement agency, 
usually responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for 
the operation of the county jail.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sheriff's Department: A local law enforcement agency organized at the county 
level, directed by a sheriff, which exercises its law enforcement functions 
at the county level, usually within unincorporated areas, and operates the 
county jail in most jurisdictions.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Shock Incarceration: A sentencing option that makes use of "boot camp"-type 
prisons in order to impress upon convicted offenders the realities of 
prison life.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Shock Probation: The practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them 
to apply for probationary release, and enacting such release in surprise fashion.
Offenders who receive shock probation may not be aware of the fact that they will
be released on probation and may expect to spend a much longer time behind bars.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Shoplifter: {to be done}
see Booster Bag; Commercial Shoplifter

Shopping Services: Private security firms that offer mystery shopper 
services; i.e. Professional shoppers who conduct integrity, efficiency, and
facility analyses of businesses.

Short Story: in the official definition of Science Fiction Writers of 
America, this is a work of fiction up to 7,499 words in length.  
Contrast : novella, novelette, novel.
[Edward D. Hoch, "The Pleasure of the Short Story", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Short Tandem Repeat: Some DNA pattern useful for Genetic Fingerprinting.

Shrinkage: Reduction in inventory due to theft or diversion.

Simple Assault: The category of offenses in the UCR defined as
"Unlawful threatening, attempted inflicting, or inflicting of less than serious 
bodily injury, in the absence of a deadly weapon."
See: Aggravated Assault; Assault

Single: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
33% of romance readers are single (23% in 1998).  
Contrast: married, divorced, widowed.

Single-title romance: a romance, usually longer than a series romance, 
which is NOT released as part of a series.  It is packaged and shelved 
like any mass-market paperback or hardback fiction book.
Contrast series romance.

Sir Robert Peel: Creator of the London Metropolitan Police.

Skip Tracing Services
See: Skip-tracer; Investigation Services

Skip-tracer: {to be done}

Smuggling: Unlawful movement of goods across a national frontier or 
state boundary or into or out of a correctional facility.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sniffer: 
Synonyms: Catalytic Combustion Detector; Combustible Gas Indicator; Explosimeter; Vapor Detector
See also: Arson.

Social Control: The use of sanctions and rewards available through a group 
to influence and shape the behavior of individual members of that group. 
Social control is a primary concern of social groups and communities, 
and it is the interest that human groups hold in the exercise of social 
control that leads to the creation of both criminal and civil statutes.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Social Disorganization: A condition said to exist when a group is faced with 
social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, 
conflict, and lack of consensus.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Sociopolitical Mystery; Social Order;
Subculture of Violence

Social Debt: A sentencing principle which objectively counts an offender's 
criminal history in sentencing decisions.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Social Ecology: An approach which focused on the misbehavior of lower-class 
youth and saw delinquency primarily as the result of social disorganization.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Social Justice: An ideal which embraces all aspects of civilized life and 
which is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs 
about right and wrong.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Social Order: The condition of a society characterized by social integration, 
consensus, smooth functioning, and lack of interpersonal and institutional 
conflict. Also, a lack of social disorganization.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Social Order Advocate: One who suggests that, under certain circumstances 
involving criminal threats to public safety, the interests of society 
should take precedence over individual rights.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Social-Psychological School: A perspective on criminological thought 
which highlights the role played in crime causation by weakened self-esteem 
and meaningless social roles. Social-psychological thinkers stress the 
relationship of the individual to the social group as the underlying cause 
of behavior.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Sociopath: see Psychopath

The Sociopolitical Mystery:
     "The protagnist tries to survive the explosion of social unrest, 
technological disaster, or political confrontation that are part of all our 
lives today."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
See: Social Disorganization
Characteristic Sociopolitical Mystery Authors:
* Dorothy Salisbury Davis
* Peter Driscoll
* Jack Higgins
* Chester Himes

Soft-boiled: ÊThe realism of the hard-boiled but tempered with optimism, 
and humor that is light. Lawrence BlockÕs Bernie Rhodenbarr (ÒBurglarÓ) 
novels exemplify this type, and provide a clear contrast to the hard-boiled 
Scudder.
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]
See: Hard-boiled

Software: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
such merchandise is purchased by 17% of romance readers when they're in a 
bookstore buying romance fiction.
Authors also use word processing software to help produce their manuscripts.
E-commerce software is also used by internet bookstores to sell books to romance readers.
Software is also used by authors and their webmasters to create, post, and 
update their home pages on the internet.

Soliloquy: {to be done}

Source Control: The controlling of drug production prior to its distribution.

Specific Deterrence: A goal of criminal sentencing which seeks to prevent 
a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Career Criminal; Repeat Offender

Speed: See: drugs; Crystallized Methamphetamine;
Crystal Meth; Ice; 
See also: Amphetamine

Speedy Trial: A trial which is held in a timely manner. The right of a defendant 
to have a prompt trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the 
U.S. Constitution which reads,
"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and
public trial.."
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Speedy Trial Act: A 1974 federal law requiring that proceedings in a 
criminal case against a defendant begin before passage of a specified 
period of time, such as 70 working days after indictment. Some states 
also have speedy trial requirements.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Split Sentence: A sentence explicitly requiring the convicted person to serve 
a period of confinement in a local, state, or federal facility followed by a 
period of probation.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

The Spy Mystery:
     "The efforts of a professional agent to cope with his opposite number 
     and sometimes his own superiors, in a taut, cold-war situation."
     Considered a sub-type of the Novel of Pursuit by Boucher and Cassidy.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Spy Mystery Authors:
* John Le Carre
* Len Deighton
* Ian Fleming

Stakeout: A method of watching a location or person.

Stanza: {to be done}

Stare Decisis: The legal principle which requires that courts be bound by 
their own earlier decisions and by those of higher courts having jurisdiction 
over them regarding subsequent cases on similar issues of law and fact. 
The [Latin] term literally means "standing by decided matters."
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

State Action Doctrine: The traditional legal principle that only government 
officials or their representatives in the criminal justice process could be 
held accountable for the violation of an individual's constitutional civil rights.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

State Court Administrators: Coordinating personnel who assist with 
case flow management, budgeting of operating funds, and court docket 
administration.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

State Court Systems: State judicial structures. Most states have at least 
three court levels, generally referred to as (1) trial courts, 
(2) [state] appellate courts, and a 
(3) state supreme court.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

State Highway Patrol: A state law enforcement agency of which the principal 
functions consist of prevention, detection, and investigation of motor vehicle 
offenses, and the apprehension of traffic offenders.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

State Police: A state law enforcement agency whose principal functions usually 
include maintaining statewide police communications, aiding local police in 
criminal investigation, police training, and guarding state property; may also 
include highway patrol.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

State-use System: A form of inmate labor in which items produced by inmates 
are salable only by or to state offices. Items that only the state can sell 
include such things as license plates and hunting licenses, while items sold 
only to state offices include furniture and cleaning supplies.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Stationary or greeting cards: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
such merchandise is purchased by 39% of romance readers when they're in a 
bookstore buying romance fiction.

Status Offender: A child who commits an act that is contrary to the law by 
virtue of the juvenile's status as a child. Purchasing cigarettes, 
buying alcohol, and truancy are examples of such behavior.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Status Offense: An act or conduct which is declared by statute to be an offense, 
but only when committed by or engaged in by a juvenile, and which can be 
adjudicated only by a juvenile court.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Statutory Law: Written or codified law. The "law on the books," as enacted 
by a governmental body or agency having the power to make laws.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Stay of Execution: The stopping by a court of the carrying out or implementation 
of a judgment, that is, of a court order previously issued.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Stimulant: 
see Cocaine; Drugs; Amphetamine

Stock Characters: {to be done}

Stock Response: {to be done}

Stock Situations: {to be done}

Stolen Property Offenses: The unlawful receiving, buying, distributing, selling, 
transporting, concealing, or possessing of the property of another by a person 
who knows that the property has been unlawfully obtained from the owner or other 
lawful possessor.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Theft

Stop and Frisk: The detaining of a person by a law enforcement officer for 
the purpose of investigation, accompanied by a superficial examination by 
the officer of the person's body surface or clothing to discover weapons, 
contraband, or other objects relating to criminal activity.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Reasonable Suspicion

Store Detective: A private detective who investigates pilferage and theft.
See: Shrinkage

Story: stories come in different lengths, including:
short story, novella, novelette, novel.

The Straight Mystery: "A perfectly straight novel of 
character analysis and character interplay that happens to concern a crime, 
usually murder.... The straight novel marketed as a mystery is still a 
true literary form after more than 20 years, belnding the familar 
characreristics that make it a mystery with good novelistic 
professionalism.  Conversely, many mysteries are marketed as straight 
novels in order to get better market penetration among those readers who 
deny the category.... The idea seems to be that if you want a best-selling 
mystery novelist -- and who doesn't? -- write a mystery novel that isn't one."
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Straight Mystery Authors:
* Nicholas Freeling
* Matthew Head
* Elisabeth Sanxay Holding
* Frances Iles
* Harry Kemelman
* Georges Simenon
* Julian Symons

Strategic Policing: A style of policing which retains the traditional police goal
of professional crime fighting, but enlarges the enforcement target to include 
nontraditional kinds of criminals such as serial offenders, gangs and criminal 
associations, drug distribution networks, and sophisticated white-collar and 
computer criminals. Strategic policing generally makes use of innovative 
enforcement techniques, including intelligence operations, undercover stings, 
electronic surveillance, and sophisticated forensic methods.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Stream of Consciousness: {to be done}

Street Crime: A class of offenses, sometimes defined with some degree of 
formality as those which occur in public locations, are visible and assaultive, 
and thus constitute a group of crimes which are a special risk to the public 
and a special target of law enforcement preventive efforts and prosecutorial 
attention.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Streetfront or stand-alone bookstores: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
are the sites such as Barnes & Noble where 7% of romance readers purchase 
books.

Strength of Character: #2 of the top 3 character traits that romance readers like 
to see in the heroines about whom they read (in 2002; was #3 in 1998),
according to Romance Writers of America statistics.
See also: intelligence, beauty, handsomeness, kindness, muscle bound, 
and attractiveness.

Strickler v. Greene: Legal opinion which addresses the requirement of the state 
to reveal exculpatory evidence.

Strict Liability: Liability without fault or intention. Strict liability offenses
do not require mens rea.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Structure: {to be done}
[Pauline Bloom, "How to Achieve Story Structure", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Structured Sentencing: A model of criminal punishment that includes determinate 
and commission-created presumptive sentencing schemes, as well as voluntary/
advisory sentencing guidelines.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Stumbling Blocks: {to be done}
["How Do You Handle Stumbling Blocks?", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Style: {to be done}
[Aaron Marc Stein, "Style", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Subculture of Violence: A cultural setting in which violence is a traditional
method of dispute resolution.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Violence; Violent Crime;
Social Disorganization

Subject: The person or location being surveilled.

Subpoena: A written order issued by a judicial officer, prosecutor, defense 
attorney or grand jury, requiring a specific person to appear in a designated 
court at a specified time in order to testify in a case under the jurisdiction 
of that court or to bring material to be used as evidence to that court.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Duces Tecum

Superglue Fuming:
see also Basic Yellow 40; Fingerprint

Substantive Criminal Law: That part of the law that defines crimes and 
specifies punishments.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Superpredators: members of a new generation of juveniles "who are coming of age 
in actual and 'moral poverty' without the benefits of parents, teachers, coaches 
and clergy to teach them right from wrong and show them 'unconditional love.'" 
The term is often applied to those inner-city youths who meet the criteria it 
sets forth.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Supervised Probation: Guidance, treatment, or regulation by a probation agency 
of the behavior of the person who is subject to adjudication or who has been 
convicted of an offense, resulting from a formal court order or a probation 
agency decision.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Surete: Police de Surete (Security Police), the French detective bureau.
See: Eugene Vidocq

Surveillance: The act of observing a person or location.

Surveillant: The person conducting the surveillance.

Suspect: An adult or juvenile considered by a criminal justice agency to be 
one who may have committed a specific criminal offense, but who has not been 
arrested or charged.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See also: Be On the Lookout; Cleared By Arrest

Suspended Sentence: The court decision to delay imposing or executing a penalty 
for a specified or unspecified period, also called "sentence withheld." A court 
disposition of a convicted person pronouncing a penalty of a fine or commitment 
to confinement, but unconditionally discharging the defendant or holding 
execution of the penalty in abeyance upon good behavior.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Suspense: Tension again. Similar to thrillers, but the danger 
is more likely to be psychological than physical, based more on expectation or 
fear of harm than on frankly hazardous situations. In this type of story, the 
main character is normally an innocent caught up in danger Ð- think of 
North by Northwest. This is an area that may get blended with a touch of horror,
which comes under the term "Gothic".
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]
see Romance Subgenres
[Richard Martin Stern, "Suspense", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Suspicionless Searches: Those searches conducted by law enforcement personnel 
without a warrant and without suspicion. Suspicionless searches are permissible 
only if based upon an overriding concern for public safety.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Swipeout: (noun) A magnetic striped card that has been rendered useless 
because the mag strip is worn away from extensive use. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Sworn Member: A member of the Chicago Police Department who takes an 
oath to support the constitution of the United States and Illinois. 
A sworn member has the authority to make arrests and carry firearms.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Symbol: {to be done}

Symbolist Movement: {to be done}

Synesthesia: {to be done}

T
Definitions: T

Tactical Officer: A police officer who works in plain clothes and 
concentrates on vice and narcotics arrests.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]

Tap and Trace: The method of identifying phone number locations.

Tazirat Crimes: Minor violations of Islamic Law, which are regarded as offenses 
against society, not God.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Team Policing: The reorganization of conventional patrol strategies into 
"an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district."
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Television: {to be done}
[William P. McGivern, "Writing for Television and Movies", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

TEMPEST: A standard developed by the U.S. government that requires that 
electromagnetic emanations from computers designated as "secure" be below 
levels that would allow radio receiving equipment to "read" the data being 
computed.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Temporary Headquarters: A temporary location used to provide support and command
direction to investigators.
                             
Ten-One: An officer's radio call for emergency assistance. 
A ten-one call is a matter of the utmost urgency, and is 
responded to by any available unit which is nearby.

Tender Age Youth/Juvenile: A person under the age of 13.
[Chicago Police Department, unofficial]
See: Juvenile, Minor, Youth

Tension: {to be done}
See: Thrillers

Terrorism: (1) The use of terroristic actions to further political and 
religious ideologies.
(2) [officially] A violent act or an act dangerous to human life in violation 
of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state to intimidate or coerce
a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of 
political or social objectives.
See: Agroterrorism; Domestic Terrorism; Internationalism Terrorism
E-mail Intercept

Testimony: The oral information provided to the court 
by a sworn witness.

Theft: Generally, any taking of the property of another with intent to deprive 
the rightful owner of possession permanently.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Cargo Theft

Theories: Beliefs regarding the case based upon evidence, patterns, 
leads and tips.
See: Theory

Theory: A series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, 
predict, and ultimately control some class of events. A theory gains explanatory 
power from inherent logical consistency and is "tested" by how well it describes 
and predicts reality.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Theories

Thief Takers: Private citizens with no official status, paid for arresting 
criminals.

The Third Degree: The use of brutality during interrogations.

Thomas Byrnes: Commander of the Central Detective Office in New York City [1880]

Three Unities: From Aristotle, the theory {to be done}

Thriller: Plenty of action, accent on plot. Tension. Emphasis on placing 
the protagonist in dangerous circumstances -- usually physically dangerous. 
James Bond. Lawyers/defendants in the courtroom. Spies everywhere. Derring-do 
anywhere. Rather than solving a crime, the object may be to prevent one from 
happening to our hero or heroine. In this type of book, the main character is 
active, a professional.
[Seattle Mystery Bookshop]
See: Suspense
see Romance Subgenres

Tight Tail: "Following a person, must be undetected, a constant 
surveillance" -- also known as "Close Tail."
See: Rough Tail

Time Travel: see Romance Subgenres

Timeline: A study of activity over a specified period of time.

Tips: Information obtained from citizens regarding a crime.

Tolerance: The body's ability to tolerate higher doses of drugs.

Tone: see Atmosphere

Tool: (noun) Something regarded as necessary to the carrying out of 
one's occupation or profession: Pretexts are the tools of our trade. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Toolmarks: see Firearms/Toolmarks Identification

Tort: A private or civil wrong or injury. The "unlawful violation of a private 
legal right other than a mere breach of contract, express or implied."
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Total Institutions: Enclosed facilities, separated from society both socially 
and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their lives on a 
daily basis.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Toxicology: see Drug Identification/Toxicology

TPO: see Paperback Original

Tracking Device: A device used to locate and track stolen vehicles.

Trailers: Materials used to spread a fire.
See: Arson

Traits: for character traits, see: muscle bound, intelligence, beauty, 
handsomeness, kindness, Strength of Character, 
and attractiveness

Trace Evidence: Examples of trace evidence could be hair, fibers, paint chips, 
glass fragments, etc.
     Trace evidence is often of such a minute nature that it can be easily 
cross-transfered from one surface to another without detection; therefore, 
the microscope is usually the first tool used in its examination and 
identification. Instrumental methods of analysis are generally the second 
phase of comparison associated with trace evidence.
[Office of the Attorney General, State of California, Dept. of Justice]
See: Evidence; Fingerprint; DNA/Serology
Exchangeable Traces

Tragedy: {to be done}

Tragicomedy: form of Elizabethan and Jacobean drama which combined subjects 
and styles of Tragedy and Comedy.  It interacted or compared Upper Class 
and Lower Class characters.  It usually thrteatened disaster to the 
protagonist, but by some plot twist brought an unexpectedly happy ending.

Transfer to Adult Court: The decision by a juvenile court, resulting from a 
transfer hearing, that jurisdiction over an alleged delinquent will be waived, 
and that he or she should be prosecuted as an adult in a criminal court.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Travel: see Romance Subgenres

Travel Advisories: An advice by the government of countries not to visit.

Travel Warnings: A warning by the government regarding dangerous situations
affecting travelers.

Treason: "A U.S. citizen's actions to help a foreign government overthrow, 
make war against, or seriously injure the United States." Also, the attempt to 
overthrow the government of the society of which one is a member.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Treatise: contrast Essay

Trial: The examination in a court of the issues of fact and law in a case, for 
the purpose of reaching a judgment. In criminal proceedings, the examination in 
a court of the issues of fact and law in a case, for the purpose of reaching a 
judgment of conviction or acquittal of the defendant(s).
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Trial de novo: Literally, a new trial. The term is applied to cases that are 
retried on appeal, as opposed to those which are simply reviewed on the record.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Trial Judge: A judicial officer who is authorized to conduct jury and nonjury 
trials, and who may not be authorized to hear appellate cases, or the judicial 
officer who conducts a particular trial.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Trial Jury: A statutorily defined number of persons selected according to law 
and sworn to determine, in accordance with the law as instructed by the court,
certain matters of fact based on evidence presented in a trial and to render a 
verdict.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Triangulation: A measurement method used to locate items of evidence within the 
crime scene.

True Crime: {to be done}
[William T. Brannon, "Writing the True Crime Story", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Truth in Sentencing: A close correspondence between the sentence imposed upon 
those sent to prison and the time actually served prior to prison release.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

U
Definitions: U

UCR: Abbreviation for the Federal Bureau of Investigation's "Uniform Crime
Reporting" program.

UDSL: The Uniform Determinate Sentencing Laws which established fixed terms 
for crimes and removed the element of judicial discretion from sentencing 
proceedings.

U.S. Customs: A federal agency responsible for protecting the borders of the 
United States.

Ultra Vires: Without authority. An act which is beyond the powers or authority 
of the person or organization which took it. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Ultraviolet Forensic Imaging: The use of ultraviolet lights to enhance details 
in photographs.

Unconditional Release: The final release of an offender from the jurisdiction of 
a correctional agency; also, a final release from the jurisdiction of a court.

Uncorrected Proof Copy: see Advance Reading Copy (ARC)

Undercover: The investigation of criminal activity while posing as a participant.

Undercover Buy: Purchasing drugs while posing as a drug offender.

Undercover Investigations: see: Covert Operations

Undisciplined Child: A child who is beyond parental control, as evidenced by 
their refusal to obey legitimate authorities such as school officials and teachers.

United States v. Byron C. Mitchell: A 1999 court challenge of fingerprint 
technology claiming that fingerprints are not unique.

Unwise: a hero who chases someone other than the herione, or a heroine who 
chases someone other than the hero.

Usury: Excessive or illegal interest rate. Most countries now prohibit interest 
rates above a certain level; and rates which exceed these levels are called 
"usury". 

Utopia and Dystopia:
see Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide

V
Definitions: V

VICAP: Violent Criminal Apprehension Program

VIN: Abbreviation for "vehicle identification number";
The unique number assigned to a vehicle by the manufacturer.
See also: Confidential VIN

Vagrancy: The name of the UCR category relating to being a suspicious character 
or person, including vagrancy, begging, loitering, and vagabondage.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Vagrant: homeless person, tramp. 

Vandalism: The name of the UCR category used to record and report arrests made 
for offenses of destroying or damaging, or attempting to destroy or damage, the
property of another without his consent, or public property, except by burning.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Vapor Detector:
Synonyms: Catalytic Combustion Detector; Combustible Gas Indicator; Explosimeter; Sniffer
See also: Arson.

Vendor: a person who sells.

Venue: This has the same meaning as in everyday English except that in a legal 
context it usually refers specifically to the location of a judicial
hearing. For example, if a criminal case has a very high media profile in a 
particular city, the "venue" may change to another city to ensure
objective witnesses (i.e. that would not have been spoiled by media speculation 
on the crime). 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
Venue: The particular geographical area in which a court may hear or try a case. 
Also, the locality within which a particular crime was committed. 
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See also Jurisdiction

Vehicle: Car, truck, airplane... anything designed to transport persons 
or objects. A bicycle has been legally held to be a vehicle. 
See also: Be On the Lookout; Carjacking; Cargo Theft
Commercial Vehicle Theft; Confidential VIN

Vehicular Manslaughter: anyone who drives a vehicle and unintentionally 
but unlawfully kills another human being.

Verdict: The decision of a jury. In criminal cases, this is usually 
expressed as "guilty" or "not guilty".In a civil case, the verdict 
would be a finding for the plaintiff or for the defendant. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Vicarious Liability: When a person is held responsible for the tort of another 
even though the person being held responsible may not have done anything
wrong. This is often the case with employers who are held vicariously liable 
for the damages caused by their employees. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Victim: A person who has suffered death, physical or mental 
anguish, or loss of property as the result of an actual or attempted criminal 
offense committed by another person.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Victim Impact Statement: In felony cases, the probation department is 
required to compile a presentence report for the judge to use to
impose sentence. This report usually includes a victim impact statement, 
which is prepared by the probation officer from conversation with the victim 
and includes the victim's view of the effects of the crime on the victim
and the victim's family.

Victimization: In National Crime Survey terminology, the harming of any single 
victim in a criminal incident.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Victorian: The period beginning as early as 1832 (passage of the first 
Reform Bill) or as late as 1837 (accession of Queen Victoria), and ending 
with the Queen's death in 1901.  1870 is the coventional division between 
Early Victorian and Late Victorian. From a literary standpoint, this was 
the age of Arnold, Samuel Butler, Carlyle, Dickens, George Eliot, Hardy,
Meredith, Pater, Ruskin, Thackeray, and Trollope. 
See Periods of English Literature

Videlice: Latin for "to wit" or "that is to say." "Viz.", which is the 
abbreviation of videlicet, is much more commonly used. It is often found in
legal documents to advise that what follows provides more detail about a 
preceding general statement. For example: "The defendant committed adultery; 
viz., on April 15th, at approximately 10:30 pm, he had sexual intercourse 
with Ms Jane Doe." 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Eugene Vidocq: French criminal and informant who turned from the Dark Side 
to Law and Order, and then led the French Surete.

Viewpoint: {to be done}
[Eleanor Sullivan, "Deciding on Viewpoint", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

The Vigilante Mystery:
     "A whodunnit in which the 'who' is discovered early on, so that stress 
can be laid on the chase, capture, and subsequent punishment of the 
guilty, sometimes with sado-masochistic overtones, and generally with 
socio-political intent."
     Considered a sub-type of the Whodunnit.
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Vigilante Mystery Authors:
* Brian Garfield
* Joe Gores
* Bill Pronzini

Violation:
(1) The performance of an act forbidden by a statute or the failure to perform 
an act commanded by a statute.
(2) An act contrary to a local government ordinance.
(3)  An offense punishable by a fine or other penalty but not by incarceration. 
(4) An act prohibited by the terms and conditions of probation or parole.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Violent Crime: An offense category which, according to the FBI's Uniform Crime 
Reports (UCR), includes murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]
See: Subculture of Violence
Contrast: Property Crime

Virgin: what the heroine always was, in older romance fiction, before she 
met her husband. Apparently not a requirement for men.

Viz.: see Videlice

Void, or Void Ab Initio: Not legally binding. A document that is void is 
useless and worthless; as if it did not exist.For example, in many countries, 
contracts for immoral purposes are said to be "void": unenforceable and not 
recognized by the courts. A good example is a contract to commit a serious
crime such as murder. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Voir Dire: (1) A mini-hearing held during a trial on the admissibility of 
contested evidence. For example, a defendant may object to a plaintiff's 
witness. The court would suspend the trial, immediately preside over a 
hearing on the standing of the proposed witness, and then resume the trial
with or without the witness, or with any restrictions placed on the 
testimony by the judge as a result of the voir dire ruling. In a jury trial,
the jury would be excused during the voir dire. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
(2) There may be a Voir Dire before the trial, by which jurors are selected 
from the jury pool, during which the attorneys and judge may question the 
potential jurors, and exclude some based on their answers.
See: Peremptory Challenge

W
Definitions: W

Waiver: When a person disclaims or renounces to a right that they may have 
otherwise had. Waivers are not always in writing. Sometimes a person's 
actions can be interpreted as a waiver. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Wannabee: (noun) Someone who desires to be a professional 
(i.e. a licensed private detective) but who lacks the skills
and/or IQ necessary to do the job. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Warden: The official in charge of operation of a prison, the chief administrator
of a prison, or the prison superintendent.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Warehousing: An imprisonment strategy based upon the desire to prevent recurrent 
crime, but which has abandoned any hope of rehabilitation.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Warrant: In criminal proceedings, any of a number of writs issued by a judicial 
officer, which direct a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act and 
afford him protection from damage if he performs it.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Watch: A police shift. The police workday is divided into three watches. 
The first watch begins at 11 pm or midnight; the second, at 7 or 8 am; 
and the third, at 3 or 4 pm.

Watch Commander: A lieutenant or captain who directs all police activities 
within a district during a specific watch. Examples of the watch commander's 
duties include deploying patrol officers within the district, approving 
arrests, and checking the status of the lockup.

Watchman:  Any person regularly employed by a person whose duties and 
activities consist of patrolling, guarding or watching the property of 
his employer. (Ord. 3846, 7-21-94)
[http://www.ci.lenexa.ks.us/codemaster/Title_2/9/D/1.html]

Watchman Style: A style of policing that is marked by a concern for order 
maintenance. This style of policing is characteristic of lower-class communities 
where informal police intervention into the lives of residents is employed in the
service of keeping the peace.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Watson: {to be done}
[Janet Gregory Vermandel, "What to Do About a Watson", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

Weapon: (noun) (1) An instrument of attack or defense in combat, 
as a gun, missile, or sword. 
(2)A means used to defend against or defeat another: 
is A.P. Duli Investigations' best weapon. 
[A.P. Duli Investigations]

Weapons of Mass Destruction: Chemical substances, biological agents and nuclear
materials used for destructive purposes.

Weapons Offenses: Unlawful sale, distribution, manufacture, alteration, 
transportation, possession, or use or attempted sale, distribution, 
manufacture, alteration, transportation, possession, or use of a deadly 
or dangerous weapon or accessory.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Wedding: the essential ritual in which a man and a woman are transformed into a 
husband and a wife.  See: ring.

Wedlock: Being married;  "matrimony." One often refers to illegitimate children 
as "born out of wedlock." 

Western: see Romance Subgenres

When: {to be done}
["When and How Do You Write", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition

White-collar Crime: Nonviolent crime for financial gain committed by means of 
deception by persons whose occupational status is entrepreneurial, professional, 
or semiprofessional and utilizing their special occupational skills and 
opportunities; also, nonviolent crime for financial gain utilizing deception 
and committed by anyone having special technical and professional knowledge of 
business and government, irrespective of the person's occupation.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Whodunnit: also spelled Whodunit;
     "A story whose plot is still the solution of a crime, with a surprise 
ending (in intent, at least) and usually with a detective, but with little 
stress on deductions or challenging the reader's wits and primary emphasis 
on the emotions and reactions of the characters.
     The Whodunnit had begun to break out of its strictures of style and 
content even by 1956, and Anthony Boucher included the 'informal whodunnit'
as a sub-type.  It is a fusion of the strict Whodunnit and the straight 
novel, with overtones of psuchological, sociological, and political 
problems replacing romance as the chief interest.
     During the intervening years the whodunnit has continued to 
proliferate at an amazing rate.  Out of the basic form, new and important 
subtypes have emerged which use the apparatus of the whodunnit but shift 
the emphasis from crime solution to other interests.
     By far the most significant development in mystery publishing in the 
recent years is the growth of the mystery novel devoted to societal 
issues -- the 'sociopolitical' mystery novel.  Its purpose is to explore 
global problems, race, the underprivileged, and the plight of man in an 
upside-down world.
     It is to the credit of the extremely adaptable whodunnit form that 
the 'sociopolitical' mystery accounts for the largest single sub-type 
today.  The next largest is the 'police procedural' mystery, a slightly 
altered form of the old detective and country-house whodunnit.
     Here arte the nine sub-types of the durable old whodunnit..."
     a) the Sociopolitical Mystery
     b) the Private Eye Mystery
     c) the Psychological Mystery
     d) the Mechanistic Mystery
     e) the Vigilante Mystery
     f) the Caper Mystery
     g) the Camp Mystery
     h) the Period Mystery
[Bruce Cassiday, "Into Something Rich and Strange", Mystery Writer's Handbook,
     Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
Characteristic Whodunnit Authors:
* Mignon G. Eberhart
* Craig Rice
* Mary Roberts Rinehart
Characteristic Informal Whodunnit Authors:
* Ben Benson
* William Campbell Gault
* Lawrence Treat

Wickersham Report: First national study of the U.S. Criminal Justice System.

Widowed: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
6% of romance readers are widowed (13% in 1998).  
Contrast: married, single, divorced.

Wife: what the heroine wants to be, in conjunction with the proper husband, 
in most romance fiction. See: ring.

Will West Case: The identification case that placed fingerprint technology 
above that of anthropometrics.

Wiretap: (verb) Clandestine interception of an electronic (usually telephone) 
conversation.
See: Bug

Wire-tapping: An electronic surveillance device which secretly listens in and 
records conversations held over a phone line. It is usually only allowed with
the permission of a judge and if it can be shown to be necessary for the solving 
of a serious crime. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]
See: Bug

Wit, Humor, and the Comic: Both "wit" and "humor" are now tahen to be 
sub-types of the "Comic" -- which in turn is any element in literature 
which is created to incite amusement or mirth in the reader.  Critics 
describe three species of the Comic as follows:
     * Wit: originally designating inventiveness or intelligence, 
            the word came to mean by the 16th to 17th centuries
            specifically literary ingenuity, and more specifically, the 
            capability to brilliantly or surprisingly or paradoxically 
            create phrases.  Thus, "wit" became associated with what we now 
            call Metaphysical Poetry.  "False Wit" was the superficially 
            dazzling.  "True Wit" was defined by Alexander Pope as:
                 "Nature to advantage dressed; 
                 what oft was thought,
                 but ne'er so well expressed."
            Today, we mean deft, brief, and purposefully shoking in its 
            comic surprise.
     * Repartee: a term adapted from Fencing, now used for a dialog where 
            each person tries to beat the wittiness of the other.
     * Humor: evolved from the Theory of the Four Humors, through
            the eccentric comic characters in Elizabethan "Comedy of 
            Humors", to be broader than the merely verbal, including
            how a character thinks, what he does, how he acts, or any 
            incongruity between these and/or his speech.
See also: Burlesque, Epigram, Euphuism

Without Prejudice: A statements set onto a written document which qualifies 
the signatory as exempted from it's content to the extent that they may be
interpreted as containing admissions or other interpretations which could 
later be used against the person signing; or as otherwise affecting
any legal rights of the person signing. A lawyer will often send a letter 
"without prejudice" in case the letter makes admissions which
could later prove inconvenient to the client.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Witness: The regular definition of this word is a person who perceives an event 
(by seeing, hearing, smelling or other sensory perception). The legal definition 
refers to the court-supervised recital of that sensory experience, in writing 
(deposition) or verbally (testimony). 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 
see Expert Witness; Eyewitness Identification

Women: according to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
93% of all romance readers are women.

Women's Fiction Novel: "a book that focuses on relationships, but not 
necessarily a love-story relationship. It may center on, for example, 
family relationships, or friendships, or a love relationship, or all 
three.  A woman's novel does not have to have an emotionally satisfying 
ending resulting from a positive resolution to a central love story.  It 
may have a "happy ending" based on events unrelated to a love story, a 
'bittersweet ending,' or even a tragic ending."  Contrast with "Romance."

Word-of-mouth: a recommendation made directly to the 
reader by another person.
According to Romance Writers of America statistics, 
is the #3 most important selling point for readers when deciding what book 
to buy. See also: description on the back cover, personal flip-through, author, price.

Work Release: A prison program in which inmates are temporarily released into 
the community in order to meet job responsibilities.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Workhouse: A form of early imprisonment whose purpose it was to instill habits 
of industry in the idle. Synonym: Brideswell.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Workplace Violence: Physical misbehavior between coworkers, ranging from
arguments to murder.
                             
Writ: An official court document, signed by a judge or bearing an official court 
seal, which commands the person to whom it is addressed, to do something specific. 
That "person" is typically either a sheriff (who may be instructed to seize 
property, for example) or a defendant (for whom the writ is the first notice of 
formal legal action. In these cases, the writ would command the person to answer 
the charges laid out in the suit, or else judgment may be made against them in 
their absence). 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada] 

Writ of Certiorari: A writ issued from an appellate court for the purpose of 
obtaining from a lower court the record of its proceedings in a particular case. 
In some states this writ is the mechanism for discretionary reviews. A request 
for review is made by petitioning for a writ of certiorari and granting of review
is indicated by issuance of writ.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Writ of Habeas Corpus: In criminal proceedings, the writ that directs the person 
detaining a prisoner to bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine 
the lawfulness of the imprisonment.
[Frank Schmalleger's Criminal Justice Series, Prentice Hall, 2001]

Wrongful Death: An American tort law action which claims damages from any person 
who, through negligence or direct act or omission, caused the death of certain 
relatives (eg. spouse, children or parent). These actions are commenced under 
special "wrongful death" statutes because under the common law, there is no right
of action for survivors for their own loss as a result of someone's death. The 
Canadian equivalent of the wrongful death legislation is generally known as the 
"fatal accidents act." In England, it is known as Lord Campbell's Act. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

X
Definitions: X

X-ray: not the proper way to look into someone's heart, in a romance.

Y
Definitions: Y

Yellow Dog Contract: A name given in American labor law to contract of 
employment by which the employee agrees to forfeit their employment if they 
join a union during the period of employment. These types of contracts are 
now prohibited by American law.
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Yes: the proper answer to The Question, if from the right person in a romance.

Young Offender: Young persons who, in many states, are treated differently 
than adult criminals and are tried in special youth courts. In Canada, for
example, criminal suspects between 12 and 17 inclusively are processed under 
the Young Offenders Act, which includes several provisions which reflect the 
rehabilitative nature of the legislation. 
[Lloyd Duhaime, "Duhaime's Law Dictionary", Duhaime Company, Victoria, 
British Columbia, Canada]

Youth: A person under the age of 17, also referred to as a juvenile.
See: Minor, Tender-Age

Z
Definitions: Z

Zero: the chances of true happiness between the hero and anyone but the 
heroine, and vice versa.

Zero Tolerance: {to be done}

References: Books Useful to Mystery Writers

Athens, L.H., Violent Criminal Acts and Actors [Cambridge, MA: Routledge & 
Kegan Paul, 1980]
Attick, R.D., Victorian Studies in Scarlet, [New York: W.W. Norton, 1970]
Bootzen, R.R. and Acocella, J.R., Abnormal Psychology: Current Perspectives, 
3rd edition [New York: Random House, 1980]
Brenner, John C., Forensic Science Glossary
Brownmiller, S., Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape [New York: 
Simon & Schuster, 1975]
Brussel, J.A., Casebook of a Crime Psychiatrist, [New York: Bernard Geis, 1968]
Buchanan, J., Society and Homicide in 13th Century England [Stanford, CA, 
Stanford University Press, 1977]
Burgess, A.W. and Holmstrom, L.L, Rape: Crisis and Recovery [Bowie, MD: 
Brady, 1979]
DeAndrea, William, Encyclopedia Mysteriosa [Prentice Hall, 1994]
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States-1984 
[Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1985] 
Gerberth, Vernon J., Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, 
Procedures, and Forensic Techniques [New York: Elsevier, 1983]
Gonzales, Vance, Helpern & Umberger, Legal Medicine, Pathology and Toxicology
Great Women Mystery Writers: Classic to Contemporary, Greenwood Press , 1994. 
Prepared by Ellen Fain and A. Isaac Pulver, Literature and Languages Division, 7/96.
Guttmacher, M., The Mind of the Murderer [New York: Arno Press, 1973]
Guttmacher, M.S., and Weihofen, Psychiatry and the Law [New York: Norton, 1952]
Herrington, L.H., chairperson, Final Report of the President's Task 
Force on Victims of Crime [Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication 
Report No. 82-24146, Washington, DC: The White House, 1982]
Hirschi, T., Causes of Delinquency [Los Angeles: University of 
California Press, 1969]
Keys, E., The Michigan Murders [New York: Pocket Books, 1976]
Lunde, D.T., Murder and Madness, [San Francisco: San Francisco Book Co., 1976]
Bill McBride, A Pocket Guide to the Identification of First Editions, 
6th Ed., $13.95
Megargee, E., and Bohn, M.J., Jr., Classifying Criminal Offenders 
[Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1979]
Mystery Writer's Handbook [Cincinnati, Ohio: Writers Digest, 1975] revised edition
O'Hara & Osterburg, Introduction to Criminalistics
Oleksiw, Susan, A Reader's Guide to the Classic British Mystery
[G. K. Hall, 1988]
Palmer, S., A Study of Murder [New York: Thomas Crowell, 1960]
Rada, R.T., Clinical Asp[ects of the Rapist [New York: Grune and 
Stratton, Inc., 1978]
Reinhardt, J.M., Sex Perversions and Sex Crimes: a Psychocultural 
Examination of the Causes, Nature and Criminal Manifestations of Sex 
Perversions, Police Science Series [Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1975]
Report of the Attorney General's Task Force on Violent Crime 
[Washington, DC: 1981]
Robert K. Ressler, Ann W. Burgess, John E. Douglas, Sexual Homicide: 
Patterns and Motices, [New York: Free Press, 1995]
Rosenberg, Betty, Genreflecting: A Guide to Reading Interests in Genre Fiction, 
Libraries Unlimited, 1991
Samenow, S.E., Inside the Criminal Mind [New York: Time Books, 1984]
Schafer, S., The Victim and His Criminal
 [New York: Random House, 1968]
Soderman & O'Connell, Modern Criminal Investigation
Strauss, M.A., and Baron, L., Sexual Stratification, Pornography, and Rape 
[Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, 1983]
U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Patterns of Murders 
Committed By One Person, in Large Numbers with No Apparent Rhyme, Reason, 
or Motivations.  Hearings before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of 
the Committee on the Judiciary, 98th Congress, 1st Session, June 1983, 
Serial No. J-98-52 [Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983]
U.S. Department of Justice, Uniform Crime Reports [Washington, D.C.: 
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986]
von Hentig, H., The Criminal and His Victim, [New Haven, CT: Yale 
University Press, 1948]
Wille, W., Citizens Who Commit Murder [St.Louis, Warren Greene, 1974]
Willmer, M., Crime and Information Theory, [Edinburgh: University of 
Edinburgh, 1970]
Wilson, James Q., Thinking About Crime [New York: Basic Books, 1975]
Wolfgang, M.E. and Ferracuti, F., The Subculture of Violence: Towards an 
Integrated Theory in Criminology, 2nd edition, [Beverly Hills, 
Sage Publications, 1982]
Yochelson, S., and Samenow, S.E., The Criminal Personality: the Change 
Process [New York: Jason Aronson, 1976]
xxx


Articles Useful to Mystery Writers:

Becker, J.V., and Abel, G.G., "Men and the Victimization of Women", in J.R. 
Chapman and M.R. Gates, editors, Victimization of Women [Beverly Hills, CA:
Sage Publications, 1978]
Brittain, R.P., "The Sadistic Murderer", Medical Science and the Law, 
1970, 10:198-207
Bromberg, W., and Coyle, E., "Rape! A Compulsion to Destroy",
Medical Insight, April 1974 
Casey-Owens, M., The Anonymous Letter Writer: A Psychological Profile?,
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1984, 29:816-19
Constantino, J.P., Kuller, et.a., "An Epidemiologic Study of Homicides in 
Alleghany County, Pennsylvania", American Journal of Epidemiology,
1977, 106:314-24
"Crime Scene and Profile Characteristics of Organized and Disorganized 
Mureders", FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, vol.54, no.8, Aug 1985, 18-25
Frazier, S.H., "Murder -- Single and Multiple Aggression", Aggression, 1974, 
52: 304-12
Geberth, V.J., "Psychological Profiling", Law and Order, 
1981, 46-49
Hazelwood, R.R. and Douglas, J.E., "The Lust Murderer", FBI Law 
Enforcement Bulletin, April 1980, 18-22.
Holmes, R.M. and DeBurger, J.E., "Profiles in Terror: the Serial 
Murderer", Federal Probation, vol.49, 1985, 29-34
MacCulloch, M.J., Snowdion, P.R., Wood, P.J.W., and Mills, H.E., 
"Sadistic fantasy, sadistic behaviors and offending", British Journal of 
Psychiatry, 1983, 143, 20-29
Pynos, R.S. and Eth, S., "Children Traumatized by Witnessing Acts of 
Personal Violence: Homicide, Rape, or Suicidal Behavior", in Pynos, R.S. and 
Eth, S., eds., Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children [Washington, 
DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1985, 17-44]
Revitch, E., "Sex Murderer and the Potential Sex Murderer", Disease 
Nervous System, 1965, 26:6-11
Rider, A.O., "The Firesetter: a Psychological Profile, Part 1",
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, vol.49, pp.1-23, 1980
Rizzo, N.D., "Murder in Boston: Killers and Their Victims", 
International Journal of Offender Therapy an Comparitive Criminology, 1982
Schlesinger, L.B., and Revitch, E., "The Criminal Fantasy Technique: A 
Comparison of Sex Offenders and Substance Abusers", Journal of Clinical 
Psychology, 37:210-218, 1980
Simon, R.E., "Type A, AB, B Murderers", Bulletin of the American Academy 
of Psychiatry and the Law, 1977, 5:344-62
Tanay, E. Psychiatric Aspects of Homicide Prevention, American Journal 
of Psychiatry, 1972, 128:49-52
Terr, L., Children of Chowchilla: A Study of Psychic Trauma, 
Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1979, 34:547-623
Vorpagel, R.R., "Painting Pschological Profiles: Charlatanism, 
Charisma, or a New Science?", The Police Chief, 1982:156-59
xxx








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